Archiva Zootechnica 15:3, 69-78, 2012 69 The impact of diet on meat quality of common carp Dragana Ljubojević1†, M. Ćirković1, Nikolina Novakov1, R. Jovanović2, Snežana Janković2, Vesna Đorđević3, Dejana Trbović3 1 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia; Institute for Science Application 3 in Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of hygiene and meat technology, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia SUMMARY The aim of the study was to determine the impact of diet (grains or formulated feed) on the chemical composition, amount of total cholesterol and fatty acids profile of common carp. The samples of two-year old carp were taken from two fishery farms. On the first pond the production was taken place in the semi-intensive system of production with the addition of corn (80%) and wheat (20%) and on the second pond the feeding was done with formulated food. Chemical analysis, fatty acids and total cholesterol determination were done at the Institute of Hygiene and Meat Technology, Belgrade. The amount of water, protein and ash was higher (p<0.01) in carp in which diet was participated formulated food, with the value, expressed as a percentage, amounted to respectively 78.36±0.04, 17.17±0.05 and 1.03±0.01, while values of the same parameters in carp fed with corn and wheat were 75.01±0.29; 15.59±0.21 and 0.89±0.04. The percentage of fat in carp fed formulated fed was 3.19±0.05, and for carp from semi-intensive production it was 6.85±0.14 (p<0.01). Cholesterol content was higher (p<0.01) in carp fed grains (57.8±0.11), compared with carp fed pelleted food (51.31±0.12). In two years-old carp fed formulated feed was observed better ratio UFA/SFA (3.46, compared with 3.14 in carp fed grain), PUFA/SFA (1.39 compared to 0.45), n3/n6 (0.26 versus 0.14), higher content of PUFA (31.04 compared with 10.95), less SFA (22.4 versus 24.23) (p<0.01). Lipids of carp fed formulated food contained less MUFA (45.12%) compared to carp from the semi-intensive production (64.34%) (p<0.01).The dependence of content of total cholesterol, chemical composition and the relative fatty acid content of common carp with diet was determined in the present work Keywords: common carp, diet, fatty acids, cholesterol † Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] 70 Dragana Ljubojević et al. INTRODUCTION Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is the dominant fish species that are grown on fish farms in Republic of Serbia (Ljubojević et al., 2011). It is omnivore fish and very effectively uses food. Carp is tolerated to large variations of quality of ambient conditions. This species is not susceptible to disease and is tolerated to handling (Ćirković et al., 2002). The opinion about the culinary quality of common carp in Republic of Serbia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Germany and Italy does not the same with the belief in Anglo-Saxon states, but there is the fact that there is not a single fish from which it can make a number of fish specialty (Ćirković et al., 2002). Results related to meat quality of carp are differ in communications by various authors, with differences mostly caused due to the analysis of fish of different age, breeding systems and food, and because of that there are wide ranges of fat content in carp from 2.3 to 16.8% (Ćirković et al., 2011 a, Ćirković et al., 2011c) while varying slightly less in case of protein which content is in range from 14 to 18% (Trbović et al., 2009, Ćirković et al., 2010). According to Steffens and Wirth (2005) the fatty acid composition reflects, to a large extent, that of the diet, so the n-3/n-6 ratio varies between 0.8 and 2.4; while Ćirković et al. (2010) reported that the relationship of these fatty acids it was 0.54.A similar ratio (0.5) were found by Fajmonova et al. (2003). Common carp fed exclusively with natural food from fish-pond shows a significant level of total n3 and n-6 fatty acids (Ćirković et al., 2010). Supplementary feeding with grains leads to reduced amounts of these essential fatty acids and this is due to the lower proportion of natural food in the diet of the carp which received additional grain (Ćirković et al., 2011a). The energy value of fish meat is directly proportional to fat content. Essential fatty acids affect the fluidity, flexibility, and permeability of membranes. They are precursors of the eicosanoids and are necessary for maintaining the impermeability barrier of the skin. They are also involved in cholesterol transport and metabolism (Steffens et al., 2005). Components of fish are also important in the development and maintenance of the eyes, skin and nervous system (Vladau et al., 2008).The most important unsaturated fatty acids are linoleic and linolenic acid, which are essential and should be ingested in the body by food. Recent research suggests that freshwater fish are capable of producing EPA and DHA from αLinolenic n3 (Bell et al., 2001) and they express all the desaturase and elongase activities necessary for this biosynthetic pathway (Sargent et al., 2002). EPA and DHA appear to play a key role in neural development, functioning of the cardiovascular and immune systems (Lauritzen et al., 2001), besides the prevention of some types of cancer, including colon, breast and prostate (Connor, 2000), brain aging and Alzheimer disease (Kyle, 1999). Beside polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish fats contain Archiva Zootechnica 15:3, 69-78, 2012 71 cholesterol. Fish meat contains a similar amount of cholesterol (49–92 mg/100g) as pork or beef (45–84 mg/100g), and cholesterol content is not correlated with fat content (Piironen et al., 2002). Content of cholesterol in freshwater fish from a free-catch and fish from aquaculture is different and depends on the species of fish (Moreira et al., 2001). It is necessary to take into account the nutritional quality of meat because fish is also one of the best sources of animal protein (Ćirković et al., 2002). Fish proteins contain all the essential amino acids for the human organism and they can be used as the sole source of protein in the diet (Vladau et al., 2008).The fish which contains less fat and cholesterol and has a favourable fatty acid composition could be very useful in the diet of people whose health conditions have deteriorated, but it could also serve as a good preventive measure in healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of diet on the chemical composition, amount of total cholesterol and fatty acids profile, of common carp at same age. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples of two years old of common carp were taken in November from earthen pond where the production is taken place in the semi-intensive system of production with the addition of corn (80%) and wheat (20%). Also, the samples of two-year old carp were taken from another pond where the feeding was done with complete feed mixture. 12 samples of common carp were taken from both ponds. Samples of feed were taken from both ponds. The growing season lasted from April to November in both cases. Fish were hand-fed twice daily (8:00 and 15:00h). The water temperature was in the range from 15-26°C during the trial. The amount of natural food and its influence on chemical and fatty acid profile was not considered. Until determination the samples were stored ten days at a temperature of –18ºC. Before examination fish are left at room temperature, in order to partially defrosted and easily removed skin, taking the head and tail and remove the viscera. Fish fillets were blended in Braun CombiMax 600 (Spirić et al., 2009). The meat from dorsal muscles was used for chemical аnаlysis. Chemical composition of fish muscle tissue was determined by standard RPS ISO methods. Protein content was determined by Kjeldahl (N x 6.25) (Kjeltec Auto 1030 Analyzer, Tecator, Sweeden). Water content was determined by drying at 103±2ºC to constant weight. (SRPS ISO methods). For determination of total fat, sample was hydrolyzed with 4M hydrochloric acid and extracted with petroleum ether by Soxhlet apparatus. Ash was determined by combustion at 550±25ºC (Trbović et al., 2009). Total lipids for fatty acids determination were 72 Dragana Ljubojević et al. extracted from fish muscle tissues and feed by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE 200, Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA) (Spirić et al., 2009). The fat extract was further used for fatty acids determination. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared by transesterification by using trimethylsulfonium hydroxide, according to SRPS EN ISO 5509:2007 procedure. The GC instrument Shimadzu 2010 (Kyoto, Japan) used for FAME determination was equipped with a split/splitless injector, fused silica cianopropyl HP-88 column (J&W Scientific, USA), and flame ionization detector. The chromatographic peaks in the samples were identified by comparing relative retention times of FAME peaks with peaks in a Supelco 37 Component FAME mix standard (Supelco, Bellefonte, USA) (Spirić et al., 2010). Cholesterol determination in carp fillets (from direct saponification) was performed by using HPLC/PDA system (Waters 2695 Separation module/Waters photodiode array detector, USA), on a Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) reverse/phase column, according to Maraschiello et al. (1996). Quantification of cholesterol was done by external standardization. Empower Pro software was used to control the HPLC system as well as for data acquisition and data processing as described (Spirić et al., 2009). The fatty acid composition of the diets is shown in Table 1. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student t-test. Table 1. Fatty acid composition of the experimental diets. Fatty acids, % Grains Formulated feed Myristic, C14:0 Palmitic, C16:0 Palmitoleic, C16:1 Stearic, C18:0 Oleic, C18:1cis-9 Vaccenic, C18:1 cis-11 Linoleic, C18:2n-6 αLinolenic, C18:3n-3 Arachidic, C20:0 Eicosenoic, C20:1 Behenic, C20:2 Dihomo-gamma-linolenic, C20:3n-6 Eicosatrienoic, C20:3n-3 Arachidonic, C20:4 Lignoceric, C24:0 SFA MUFA PUFA n-6 n-3 n-3/n-6 0.40 10.86 0.16 2.02 27.62 0.16 56.15 0.98 0.38 0.20 0.26 0.61 0.17 13.83 28.14 58 57.02 0.98 0.02 0.47 10.98 0.48 2.74 26.32 0.82 54.15 2.23 0.3 0.34 0.22 0.58 0.32 0.06 0.19 14.55 27.96 57.56 55.01 2.55 0.05 Archiva Zootechnica 15:3, 69-78, 2012 73 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical composition and total cholesterol content in the two-years old carp fillets which was sampled from the pond where the diet is done by adding a pelleted complete feed, and from a fish farm where the feeding was done by adding corn and wheat in proportion 80:20 are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Chemical composition of two-year old carp fed with different food Parameters Carp, grains Carp, formulated feed Moisture content % 75.01±0.29b 78.36±0.04a Protein content % 15.59±0.21b 17.17±0.05a Fat content % 6.85±0.14a 3,19±0.05b Ash content % Total Cholesterol mg/100g 0.89±0.04b 57.8±0.11a 1.03±0.01a 51.31±0.12b Values are means ± SD (n=12); Values in the same row with different letter notation differ significantly statistically at p<0.01 The amount of water, protein and ash was higher in carp in which diet was participated pelleted food, compared with the values of the same parameters in carp whose diet were as corn and wheat(p<0.01). The percentage of fat in carp from intensive production was 3.19±0.05, and for two year olds from semi-intensive production was 6.85±0.14. Cholesterol content was higher in carp fed grain, compared with carp fed pelleted food. Determined cholesterol content in lipids of carp varies considerably in the works of different authors and is in the range of 47 to 120 mg/100 g, which is consistent with our results (Bieniarz et al., 2001; Kopica and Vavreinova, 2007), but it must be taken into account that the tests carried out in different seasons and at different age categories. Fatty acids in the carp meat are shown in Table 3. In two-year old carp fed pelleted feed was observed better ratio UFA/SFA, PUFA/SFA, n3/n6, higher content of PUFA, less SFA. Lipids of carp in intensive production contained less MUFA compared to carp from the semi-intensive production. The n-3/n-6 ratio of the fish muscle was higher than that of the consumed food. The two fatty acids 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 are precursors for synthesis of n6 and n-3 PUFAs, respectively (Sargent et al., 2002). Carp that received extruded formulated feed showed high values of n-6 fatty acids in their muscle, based on the high content of linoleic acid in the diets. However, although grain mixture contained slightly higher amount of linoleic acid than formulated feed, percentage of this fatty acid was lower than in carp fed formulated feed. In general, in both groups the content of the n-6 fatty acids was higher than the content of n-3 fatty acids. The fatty acids in the carp meat were quite affected by that of the diets. 74 Dragana Ljubojević et al. Table 3. Fatty acid composition of two-years old carp fed with different food Fatty acids, % Grains Formulated feed Lauric, C12:0 0.14±0.01a 0.10±0.00b Myristic, C14:0 0.72±0.01a 0.73±0.01a Pentadecylic, C15:0 0.01±0.01b 0.23±0.01a Palmitic, C16:0 17.33±0.06a 16.89±0.03b Palmitoleic, C16:1 6.23±0.01a 5.20±0.04b Margaric, C17:0 0.12±0.01b 0.18±0.01a Stearic, C18:0 5.79±0.02a 4.16±0.01b Oleic, C18:1cis-9 51.35±0.04a 34.45±0.01b Vaccenic,C18:1cis-11 4.54±0.04a 2.93±0.01b Linoleic, C18:2, n-6 8.75±0.06b 22.56±0.01a Linolenic(GLA)C18:3,n-6 0.12±0.01b 0.25±0.01a α-Linolenic, C18:3, n-3 0.64±0.00b 2.12±0.01a Arachidic, C20:0 0.12±0.01a 0.10±0.01b Eicosenoic, C20:1 2.22±0.01b 2.54±0.01a Behenic, C20:2 0.3±0.04b 0.73±0.01a Dihomo-γ-linolenic,C20:3,n-6 0.46±0.02b 1.02±0.01a Eicosatrienoic, C20:3, n-3 0.06±0.00b 0.71±0.01a Erucic+Arachidonic, C22:1+C20:4 0.74±0.01b 1.43±0.01a Eicosapentaenoic, C20:5, n-3 0.19±0.02b 0.93±0.01a Docosapentaenoic, C22:5, n-3 0.18±0.01b 0.85±0.02a Docosahexaenoic C22:6, n-3 0.25±0.01b 1.86±0.04a SFA 24.23±0.06a 22.40±0.03b MUFA 64.34±0.06a 45.12±0.03b PUFA 10.95±0.09b 31.04±0.03a n-6 9.63±0.08b 24.57±0.03a n-3 1.32±0.02b 6.48±0.04a n-3/n-6 0.14±0.00b 0.26±0.00a n-6/n-3 7.28±0.08a 3.79±0.02b PUFA/SFA 0.45±0.00b 1.39±0.00a UFA/SFA 3.14±0.01b 3.46±0.01a SFA- saturated fatty acids, MUFA- monounsaturated fatty acids, UFA -unsaturated fatty acids, PUFApolyunsaturated fatty acids from the n-3 (n-3 PUFA) and n-6 (n-6 PUFA) families Values are means ± SD (n=12); Values in the same row with different letter notation differ significantly statistically at p<0,01. In the present study, feeds did not contain highly UFAs. Freshwater fish possess the bioconversion capacity to elongate and desaturate C18 PUFA to n3 and n-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) (Bell et al., 2001). Wood et al (2008) have suggested that ratio of PUFA/SFA should be above 0.4 and according that examined fish in the both group meet this suggestion. Scollan et al., (2006) have advised that ω-6/ω-3 Archiva Zootechnica 15:3, 69-78, 2012 75 ratio should not exceed 4. Fish fed corn and wheat did not meet this requirement. The content of n-3 in two years old carp in this study was lower than in the two-years carp fed only natural food from the pond, which was noted by Ćirković et al. (2010) and the amount of n-3 in naturally fed common carp was 9.85%, as much as more compared to the two years old fed pelleted feed (6.48%), and in relation to two years old carp in which the dominant feed was corn and the content of n-3 was 1.32%. In carp fed pelleted food was established a higher content of n-6 fatty acids, compared to the data presented in the paper Ćirković et al. (2011b) for carp fed only natural food (24.57% versus 17.63%), so that the total content of PUFA was higher in carp fed with pelleted food. According to research conducted by Buchtová et al. (2010) and Ćirković et al. (2010) common carp grown-based on natural food had a high content of both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, while the carp fed grains which are characterized by low levels of n-3 PUFA (Buchtová et al., 2010; Ćirković et al., 2011), contained lower concentrations of these acids, a higher concentration of oleic acid (Steffens et al., 1998). The above statements are in agreement with the present results, because a higher content of oleic acid (51.35%),while the carp fed pelleted food of the same age contained 34.45% oleic acid. It is known that the application of formulated feed impact the values of many zootechnical coefficients, including, among others, the slaughter yield, proximate composition, and fatty acids profile (Jobling, 2001). The dependence of n-3/n-6 relationship with diet was established in the present study. According to Steffens et al. (2005) the n-3/n-6 ratio in common carp varies to a large extent, between 0.8 and 2.4 and is most influenced by diet. CONCLUSIONS The chemical composition of fish varies greatly depending on feed, environment and season. The lipid content of farmed common carp can vary widely depending on the feed used. Quantity of N-3 fatty acids varies largely in dependence on the origin of diets (formulated food or cereal supplement) and its composition (rich primarily in PUFA n-3or saccharides). The dependence of n-3/n-6 relationship with diet was established in our work. 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