17 Maart 2015 Autonomous cars: A policy perspective Jelte Timmer, Rathenau Instituut Exploring policy issues of smart mobility 2012: Robotics 2013: PT in smart mob 2014: Self-driving cars Dreaming of smart mobility Safe Efficient Sustainable Current state of driver assistance Last decade: rapid introduction of (persuasive) technologies for driving assistance Persuasive technology Inform Advice Warn Direct Take over Technology supporting driver behaviour Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1986) Article 8 of the 1968 Convention on Road Traffic, which stipulates: “Every driver shall at all times be able to control his vehicle or to guide his animals.” The amendment agreed by the U.N. Working Party on Road Traffic Safety would allow a car to drive itself, as long as the system “can be overridden or switched off by the driver”. A driver must be present and able to take the wheel at any time. Policy issues of autonomous cars But different forms of autonomy NL policy vision: connected cars… • Intelligent infra & intelligent cars • Main focus of EU/NL policy and industry over last decades • Step by step automatisation of driving tasks • Platooning possible  contributing to policy goals of energy savings and traffic efficiency • High cooperation of public and private parties for compatible systems and information exchange …vs autonomous robot cars • Intelligence in-car, no communication with other cars & roads • Aim for direct full automatisation of driving tasks • Safety margins for platooning too large; less contribution to energy savings & roadefficiency • Relatively independent innovation path Convergence or divergence? Alignment of interests: governments • Responsible for infrastructure, depend for use of in-car intelligence on automotive industry • Gatekeeper: sets requirements for (autonomous) cars regarding safety and energy savings (RDW) • Law and regulations regarding accountability • Weighing different public goals: safety, energy saving, efficiency, employment, innovation Alignment of interests: automotive industry • In-car intelligence (automotive industry), nomadic devices • Uncertain business case of in-car intelligence • Accountability - maintaining control over products may be difficult due to the large network of other parties involved • Focus on comfort, rather than safety Data & Mobility “For a company like Mercedes nowadays, the wheels are primarily there to keep the computers from dragging on the ground.” Paul Saffo (Stanford University) Data & Mobility • New players on the market • Who owns the data • ICT-questions entering the mobility domain New players New business models Who owns the data ICT issues “Car companies employ engineers who’ve been trained to design cars, not digital apps.” Jill Phillips, General Motors CPO Challenges for autonomous connected cars • Convergence or divergence • Risk of solitary and diverging innovation paths; while both innovation trajectories can benefit from each other • Data & mobility • The importance of data & ICT in mobility, gives rise to new sets of questions regarding the ownership of data, and how different parties will use the data Q&A www.rathenau.nl [email protected]