1. pets
2. birds

TO
HOW
GUIDE
A POCKET
TO
TO
FOUND
IN
YORK,
PENNSYLVANIA
FOR
THE
THE
USE
OF
BIRDS
AND
FIELD
STATES,
NEW
E.-^PARKHUF
PARKHURST
NEW
CHARLES
YORK
SCRIBNER'S
1898
SONS
NEW
JERSEY,
ORNITHOLOGISTS
P3i3)l
HI
AND
NORMALLY
FOWL
ENGLAND
NEW
BIRDS
LAND
THE
ALL
WATER
PRINCIPAL
THE
THE
NAME
Copyright,
CHARLES
1898,
by
SCRIBNER'S
DIRECTORY
TROW
PRINTING
AND
SONS
COMPANV
BOOKBINDINQ
NtW
YORK
TO
ALL
BIRD
LOVERS
HOW
TO
HIS
manuals
Httle
determining
an
is
in
when
he
their
by
hundred
all
a
by himself,
in
of
such
and
as
and
of
the
on
to
the
have
As
other
place
the
species
those
in
the
result, species only
to
of
is
that
seen
eight
mingled.
always
invisible
at
quick
a
described
constantly
;
appeal
of appearance
months
of
unsystemat-
being
of
fronted
con-
species
hinders
periods
scheme
be
is
to
of
data,
are,
that
aspects
current
hundred
utterly
are
If
specimens.
bird-anatomy,
multiplicity
color, size, and
"
of
thology
orni-
especially
confusedly
most
they commonly
hand,
observer
no
a
idea
his
hundreds
manuals,
troductio
in-
an
of
study
beginner,
four
some
details
ornithological
ically arranged
clear
the
is rather
authorities, he
of
colors,
It
excellent
the
wider
a
identify
to
describing
of
but
the
volume
ponderous
many
field-range,
to
of
species.
use.
standard
the
sizes, and
Moreover,
given
of
pages,
sorts,
obstacles
bird-
field-ornithologist
rival
extant,
helplessness
one
up
the
general
in
departure
unknown
a
now
more
great
studying
takes
sense
subject
the
is
no
BIRDS
new
a
in
the
of
is
aid
to
One
work
classification, to
the
on
THE
NAME
"
classification.
apart, and
HOW
2
Utterlyunlike in
by side
than
the
on
TO
NAME
size and
BIRDS
THE
color,are described almost side
page ; diminutive
smaller
kinglets,
only in winter,are
same
the
chippingsparrow, and seen
robins and thrushes,
brought strangelyclose to summer
and the microscopichumming-bird has to fraternize with
the nighthawk and the woodpecker.
This is not said
in disparagement of scientific classification,
but to call
attention
to
its
prosecutes the
is the
as
inadequacy for the needs
study from
case
with
an
the
that
will be led up
one
systematicand exhaustive study of this subjectonly
a
throughthe
**
who
one
point,
entirelydifferent standservers.
great majority of field-ob-
It is to be remembered
to
of
more
attractive discoveries in out-door
ration.
explo-
his species from
Having determined
standard
guide," he will naturallyrefer to some
for its
only an
As
details
interesting
outline is here
in
ual
man-
of which
life-history,
given.
the various
regardsthe times when
found
of
this
birds
be
can
fall into four
they naturally
given locality,
The first group comprises those
quite distinct groups.
speciesthat arrive from the south in spring,and remain
till
a
they return
come
down
from
south
fall;
in
the north
in fall,
and
spring; the third, those that
far
summer
days
or
north, and
weeks, twice
fro ; and, in the
fourth
can
a
winter
in
therefore be
year,
group,
that
the second, those
in
their
are
such
north
return
the
south, and
only
seen
passage
as
in
can
This fourfold division
throughoutthe year.
winter, migrant, and permanent groups
a
and
to
be
into
is
few
seen
mer,
sum-
at
thv.
TO
HOW
our
and
every
owls
forming a
"
first four
The
color.
3
Two
distinct from
all other
perfectly
of prey
hawks (and allies),
eagles,
aspect
the birds
are
species,
and
BIRDS
THE
presentclassification. Standing quiteapart,
basis of
in
NAME
"
fifth group
groups
of the book.
subgrouped according to
and
common
very
are
at the end
strikingcolors
in birds
yellow,which afford the basis of a fivefold
color-groupingneutral (with no strong tint),black
black and yelyellow(withoutblack),
low,
(withoutyellow),
and
black
are
"
and
the
remainder
forming
the
blue
or
red
list.
cording
larger color-groups are further subdivided, acthat the ultimate
to conspicuous diff'erences,
so
to ten
species,
generally
groups contain only from two
The
six,in which
about
speciesof
to
each
to
find the
ultimate
group
given specimen. The
are
arrangedaccording
size.
enable
To
number
:
the
student
to
glance quicklythrough
a
their description
is arrangedas follows
species,
of the speciesis its summarized
the name
Below
of
in two
description
parts, separatedby a dash, the first
of the upper side
describing the prevailing
appearance
which
of the bird (withor without wings and tail,
are
commonly darker),the second, that of the lower side,
spicuous.
conthroat,breast,and sides,which are most
primarily
is to be regardedas the preThis summary
cise
of the entire bird, except as modifiedby
description
furtherdetails. If two terms are used in either part of
the
the summary
(except''streaked" or ''spotted"),
of the respective
first applies
side. If
to the fore-part
HOW
4
both
whose
crow,
two
the
applies
of the
case
When
the
separatedby
not
terms,
in
black."
'"
it
summary,
sides,as
is
summary
contains
in the
under
and
upper
BIRDS
THE
is used
only a singleterm
to
NAME
TO
a
mary
sum-
dash, both
mary
apply equallyto upper and under sides. After the sumdetails: first,the length,in
the descriptive
are
above,
points of color
inches, then the various specific
"
proceedingfrom bill to tail ; below, from throat to
rear.
By this condensation, and the omission of many
useless to
points usuallygiven in books, but perfectly
of the
the entire avifauna
the field-observer,
exceptingthe migrant water-fowl,has
about
The
hundred
a
most
that of the adult
the
shows
which
most
in
male
intense
color
characteristic markings. In fallhis colors
faded, and
male
described
and
certain
female
are
In
markings absent.
indistinguishable
; in
the
robin, with essentially
duller,and
in the last
in
case
in
pages.
descriptionis
plumage,
been
given area,
some
the
same
sexes
the female
spring
and
the
often
are
species
many
the
as
some,
coloring,the female is
are
distinctlydifferent ;
is also described.
The
male
usuallyattains full plumage in the second year, i.e.,in
til
the firstspringafter he is hatched ; but rarelynot unlater. For a list of the
the second spring,or even
few
speciesin which
see
page
19.
the
In these
by being in
recognizable
few other species the
a
chieflyon
head
sexes
and
have
little or
cases
the female
the company
female shows
neck.
But
no
blance,
resem-
is often
of the male.
In
ings,
restricted marksuch instances
are
NAME
TO
HOW
BIRDS
THE
5
to be chiefly
exceptional. In all speciesthe male seems
in evidence, and, in general,his spring plumage suffices
both sexes
to identify
throughoutthe year.
In several cases
the same
specieshas been put into
than
more
list ;
one
where
as
where
or
a
inconspicuous,
might see the cat-bird twenty
very
the red under
tail-coverts ; and
sparrow's breast
sometimes
dark
very dark
at
brown.
A
tint is
times
color
is
ambiguous. One
without
detecting
the blotch
the song-
on
looks
black, and
color
often
sometimes
passes
for black
distance.
a
The
various
other
specimen to
be
species.As
which
the
be
to
are
"
the
Under
chestnut
be
more
of
land
a
an
aid to
term
"
will
often
the
identification,
under
its proper
his
numbers
the
on
collectively
page
der
un-
sparrows
i8.
also blackish.
red
A
"
is included
every shade
from
speciesshowing red will
often
the
birds, findingits detailed
water
know
is
he has determined
easily identified by referringto
and
of
sparrow-garb
''
long before
stated
"
the
any
minuteness
descriptionsof all
detailed
includes
the
to
student
the
sparrow,
scarlet.
to
Yet
markings.
found, are
Black
''
than
difficulty
more
family of land-birds,owing
characteristic that
the
offer
sparrows
their distinctive
so
characteristic
a
red
list
tion
descrip-
number.
is given, in smaller
physicaldescription,
type, an outline of life-historydistribution in territory
(ifno mention is made of this point,the speciesis found
After
the
"
to
a
considerable
extent
in all the
States,though
not
6
HOW
TO
THE
NAME
BIRDS
character and location
uniformly throughout each State),
of nest, number
of
the firstset may
be found
few
have
with
approximate date
(most specieshave two,
eggs,
three, broods
when
and
year, at intervals of about
a
a
five
of habit.
A
weeks),and, finally^
peculiarity
any marked
in habit
or
peculiarityeither in physicalappearance
that is quitesignificant
of the species,
and largelyto be
for
relied upon
The
is always in italics.
identification,
covered
territory
by this book is the best ornithoexplored region in America, viz.,the six New
logically
England States,New York, Pennsylvania,and New Jersey
all the
practically
"
avifauna
of this
is
area
Middle
and
Eastern
largelythe
States.
The
throughout,yet
same
showing noticeable differences in different sections,since
within the territoryare
represented three zoological
areas
(includingthe northern part of the
Maine, New
Hampshire, and Vermont, the
tains
region of New York, and the higher moun-
the Canadian
"
States
of
Adirondack
Pennsylvania),the Alleghanian (includingthe
rest of New
England, and of New York, and parts of
Pennsylvania and New
Jersey),and the Carolinian
of
(overlappingthe Alleghanianin southeastern New York
cluding
and the valleyof the lower Connecticut
River, and inlargeportionsof Pennsylvania and New Jersey).
The
avifaunas
of
these diverse
features,each
and
by
to
the
a
greater or
the others.
Canadian
fauna
areas
characterized
less abundance
Thus
the
summer
''
show
tinctive
dis-
by peculiarspecies,
of such
migrants
only
certain
in
"
as
are
mon
com-
belonging to
northern
New
HOW
TO
NAME
Hampshire, etc., while
the southern
once
southeastern
northern
the distribution
the
While
York
New
of
is
7
is at
the Al-
pecuHar to
of
boundary
fauna ; which
those
explainswhy
referred to in
often
so
York
New
of those
boundary
leghanian fauna, and the
pecuhar to the CaroHnian
southeastern
EIRDS
THE
stating
species.
of
ornithological
exploration
New
York
has
thorough as that of the other States,the
results have not yet been systematized
and tabulated,as
in New
England, Pennsylvania,and New
Jersey. But
tral,
by consultinglocal lists compiled in the northern, cenperhapsbeen
as
southeastern,and
that
parts of the State, with
western
its avifauna
essentially
Alleghaits situation,is almost utterly
precluded
from having speciesdistinct from those of Pennsylvania,
it is evident that the various portionsare
cal
closelyidentithe
knowledge
nian, and, from
with
correspondinglatitudes
therefore
State
to
be
is named
approximatelytrue
a
limit
of the
in New
that, when
understood
as
is
of
It is
England.
a
New
England
distribution,the
correspondinglatitude
is
same
in New
York.
Specialattention
lake, and
the
a
whose
varied
stream
secures
territory.The
in the
of the
belt two
given to the birds of
sylvania,
Penn-
topography of mountain, plain,
for it the richest avifauna
'^Mts.
followingpages,
mountainous
central
has been
of Pa.,"
refers to the
hundred
so
often
of all
alluded
Appalachianrange
miles broad
State),running nearlynorth and
and
eastern
parts, and composed
"
ter
(one-quar-
south
of
to
in
numerous
the
8
HOW
small
exceed
seldom
elevation
in
"
northern
of the lowlands
that
induces
In such
a
tude
lati-
the southern
in
speciesto remain
New
England
and
a
seaboard
shore-line
fifty-mile
of Lake
the water-fowl
work
be feasible
not
with the
since the
majorityof
the coast, and
though not
same
to
the commonest
be
not
ignored;
present chis branch
of
our
thoroughnessas the land division,
water-birds are simplymigrantsalong
has, therefore,seemed
the
must
inaccessible
practically
of this book
within
the
on
other State.
avifauna
It
mer
sum-
fowl
speciesin winter, and watervania
largelyrepresentedthroughout Pennsyl-
in any
yet it would
during
tions
por-
marine
many
more
than
from
Moreover,
State,its largerivers and
are
hand,
many
southward
move
attract
elsewhere, except
the other
in the fall.
York
Erie
many
retains in
climate, and
found
speciesnot
on
edge ;
many
New
feet,while
2,000
highest
are
is largelyCanadian
winter
The
valleys.
only high and rugged hills. But
gion
being equivalentto northern latitude,this re-
of the belt
^'
BIRDS
THE
with
interspersed
ranges
mountains
NAME
TO
to
mention
all students.
almost
to
sufficient for the purpose
only
those
few
that
mer
sum-
those that migrate inland, and
territory,
that
are
found
on
and
the coast
inland
the winter.
for quickly trac
AnalyticalKey is indispensable
It is analogous to
ing a speciesto its proper number.
botanical key, and is prefaced by full directions
any
trate
its use
But, to make
perfectlyunderstood, let us illusThe
the method
of
learningthe
name
of
an
unknown
birds
; all
the
to
''
that
the
neither
show
"
neutral
''
with
with
black
and
those
the
in
is
There
to
and
yellow,in
blue
"blue
or
the breast
Turning
the
the
the four seasonal groups
"
those
"
"
"
(withoutblack
black
"
hst ;
"
bird
Our
list."
red
without
(with or
yellow list; those
black and yellowlist;
red
hst,"
on
low),
yel-
or
in
tion
ques-
page
i6.
lists,
belongingrespectively
four of these black
Migrant, Winter,
Summer,
"
Permanent, expressedby the firstletter of each group,
(S) (M) (W) (P).
our
black
the
the
or
evidentlyin
are
and
determine
to
the "black
no
with
is,
those with
list;
and
body
bird
the
yellow, are in
yellow,but no black,in
red),but
of small
flock
a
belongs. Those birds
red, are in
black, yellow,blue, nor
which
to
9
breast, white.
first direction
the
"
color-list
sees
side of
beneath, except
Key,
BIRDS
often
one
the entire upper
having
blackish
winter
In
specimen.
THE
NAME
TO
HOW
black
white
and
the
beginning of
Key
In which
of these shall
specimen
?
tell us
The
at once,
directions at
where
consult
look for
we
it says
:
the
"At
the four
(season)
in the followingorder,
list,
groups contained in each (color)
in
be found
and the speciessought will generally
different
the
our
second
first or
farther
of the
seasons
to
have
on
we
group
found
find
"
year
the
"Nov.
bird
i
to
We
Summer,
Migrant."
specimen
in the Permanent
under
"Black
we
that Nos.
see
Lists."
231-242
series.'
of each
in
'
We
are
winter, and
posed
sup-
little
a
ter,
April i, Permanent, Wintherefore likelyto find
are
or
in the Winter
Referring thereunder
comprise all
that have
Group
to
(P),
black.
HOW
lO
but
subdivided
Immediately below, these are
231-238 : black throughout,or with
Nos.
"
"
BIRDS
THE
red.
yellow nor
no
NAME
TO
conspicuous black head-markings."
The
subdivision
next
black
Not
head."
on
here.
to
Therefore
direction
"Nos.
187-194:
red."
As
and
but
showing black,
to see
color
to
(and
in
entire
guide
very
cases
many
that
area
is not
so
though he
might seem
make
that the
every
amount
it intricate and
to
has
one
failed
inconspicuous,it
the
At
detail.
his false
name
same
first
of subdivision
to
name
its proper
to
proceed upon
as
glance
in the
simplifyrather than
one
possibledirectness.
to
trace
it
Key
difficult to^use.
complicate the labor, by enabling
with the greatest
if
even
may
more
the
If all the details
traced
he will be led up
seen
with
only the principal
singlespeciesbelonging
color that is
the contrary, it will be found
name
succeeding
if
be
And
arranged that he
had
a
cannot
characteristic
some
assumption, and
would
of
learned
have
we
us,
through this Key.
has been
nor
187, and read
and,
perfectly,
All the details agree
are
noted, there
details)
number
:
"
principallife-habits of the species.
the
read
we
yellow
no
No.
to
turn
and
"
descriptionof that and
white."
of color
to
group
cording
ac-
group,
''
we
only the
and
the Winter
"
yellow."
no
the next
says,
nothing agrees
Going rapidlythrough the list,
black
reach
slatyblack
191 : Snow-bird:
numbers.
until
and red, but
to
evident
no
:
subdivision
next
turn
we
this accords, we
the summarized
239-242
The
here.
showing black
''Nos. 243-250:
It is not
Nos.
'^
says,
be here.
It cannot
On
to
every
After its use
been
has
mastered,
To
bird
identifya
it is of
course
II
when
majorityof species,
the
be identified in
can
seen,
BIRDS
THE
NAME
TO
HOW
this
by
by
or
have
to
necessary
minutes.
few
a
fairly-
a
method,
other
any
of it,and
distinct view
markings,which are covwionlyon head
also sometimes
are
and breast.
Wing-bars and tail-spots
its approximate length,
diagnostic
; learn to estimate
the crow
(20 inches),
using for standards of measurement
to
its chief
note
and Enghsh
(10 inches),
robin
bird in
the
and
the
from
as
different
many
serve
(6 inches). Obas
possible,
positions
sparrow
side; and, first of all,become
simward
perfectlyfamiliar with the different areas of a bird's
body, as illustrated in the followingcharts.
of
the characteristic marks
With
a
good opera-glass
be clearly
the smallest specimens can
seen
even
; and
the use
of a glasshas the additional advantage of giving
good
a
birds
are
not
N.
E.
means
N.
J.,
edge
New
"
much
at
New
England
can
whereby
range,
States ; N.
longer.
Y., New York;
of New
York;
''southern
line of
Pennsylvaniaand
New
''northern
part of Maine, of New
with
the Adirondacks
edge,"
of
New
York, where
the
be observed
Jersey; Pa., Pennsylvania;
of Vermont,
southeastern
longer
frightened,and
the northern
means
and
view
the southern
Jersey;
S.
shire,
Hamp-
(Ad'r'ks)
boundaryE.
Alleghanian and
N.
Y.,
linian
Caro-
"
above
the bird's upper
means
join;
its under
side, including wings and tail; "below,"
ures
side; "? is the usual sign for male; $ for female; figfaunas
always
"
refer
to
a
bird's
proper
number,
under
HOW
12
which
it is
TO
NAME
THE
described, and
BIRDS
not
to
a
unless
page,
so
stated.
The
color of the bill is
in the
it is involved
diagnostic,
except
not
of
name
the
bird
(as black-billed
it is very largeand
yellow-billed
cuckoos),or where
conspicuous,as in the sea-swallow.
and
The
followinglist comprises only those that
within
found
where
are
mally
nor-
the
as
or
regular summer
territory,
winter
as
visitants,
migrants, or as permanent
species.
The
book
would
only be enlarged,and its helpfulness
would
that
be
not
materiallyincreased,by insertingthose
only casuallyand
long intervals,as glers
stragsouth.
from the far west
It is possiblethat a
or
few specieshere given, whose
it is difexact
ficult
status
be regarded as casual rather than
to learn, should
occur
very
at
normal.
As
a
fact of interest to the
be said that the various
it may
be looked
speciesmay
year
have
advanced
more
for
before been
never
at
the
several
four great
supplementary lists at the
could not
England Bird
Minot's
N.
O.
Life"
*'Land
Merriam's
in this
connection
close of the
Groups.
Acknowledgments
observation
in
ery
ev-
of the
seasons
fullypresentedas
so
book, in the descriptivedetails taken
with
in which
areas
different
ogist,
ornithol-
''Birds
and
are
due, for such
furnish,to W.
(edited by
Birds
Game
of the
C., VI.),Gilbert's
The
as
personal
A. Stearns's
Dr.
of
Adirondack
''
data
Rarer
''
New
Elliott
Coues),
New
England,"
Region" (Bull.
Birds
of Western
Map
showing
essentially
accurate
expressly
area
for
all
the
covered
Eastern
by
and
this
Middle
book,
States.
which
is
also
Median
Crown
Line
^"^x
Forehead
Bill (Mandibles)
HJND-NECK
HIND-HEAD
CROWN
EYE-STRIPE
-SHOULDER
EDGE
ofWING
WING-BAR
UPPER
DISTINCTIVE
N.
B.
"
Unless
AREAS
TAIL-COVERTS
OF
A
BIRD'S
BODY.
otherwise specified,
back includes interscapulars
and rump.
ErectileCrown Feathers
Crest
Line.
Superciliary
^^}^^ \ Throat
\i^^'
\
Upper
Breast
Urtder
WingCoverts
Lower
Breast
Side'of Body
-
Side of
Breast
DISTINCTIVE
N.
B." Unless otherwise
and ab3omen
AREAS
OF
throat
specified,
includes
rear.
"
BIRD'S
A
BODY.
includes chin,breast includes throat,
Side
"
means
side of body.
Forked
ffraduafed
Emarginate
Square
Rounded
VARIOUS
FORMS
OF
TAIL.
ANALYTICAL
find
To
275-302,
or
determine
land-bird
any
*'
which
to
of
prey," Nos.
first
game-bird," Nos. 259-263
five following (color) Lists it belongs.
"
of the
different
bird
''a
except
"
permanent
a
At
KEY
of
seasons
the
consult
year
the
four
in each
List, /" the following
(season) Groups contained
order, and the species sought will generally be found in the
first
second
or
of
Groups
A
very
species
of
especially in
March,
series.
approximately
are
few
of each
group
and
southern
June
Summer,
I
Permanent,
September
Summer,
i
season),
until
the
Thus,
found
Group
April
i
"
Groups
winter
end
birds
of Summer
The
name
groups
:
end
at the
Winter.
June
i,
should
Summer,
of each
to
the
be
i,
Migrant.
species (occurring
is reached
in
i,
April
to
Winter,
"
arrive
Winter.
November
to
i
occasional
birds
i.
Migrant,
November
list of
territory.
Winter.
Migrant, Permanent,
Permanent,
series
part of territory.)
September
to
and
whole
migrant
April I to June i,
Migrant, Permanent,
Summer,
The
for the
correct
summer
dates
(The
Group,
which
Summer,
examined
occasionally found
in
should
out
be
of proper
reserved
they properly belong.
and
Migrant,
before
summer,"
the
''
manent
Perlist of
which
is at the
letter
of
Group.
are
(S) Summer,
indicated
by
the
first
(M) Migrant, (W) Winter,
15
each
nent.
(P) Perma-
1
6
HOW
NAME
TO
THE
April
C
1.19
l^CUIKAL,
I a.
Showing
(S) Nos.
*
(M)
(W)
(P)
*
TO
Nov.
i,
April
i,
(S), (M), (P), (W).
(P), (W), (S),(M),
Red.
nor
1-29.
*
Nos.
1-9
*
Nos.
10-20
*
149-155
Nos.
180-186.
Nos.
227-230.
streaked.
or
whitish, dark-spotted
Breast
:
:
21-29
Nos.
Nos.
:
brownish
Above,
and
12
13),
LISTS
ACK
Showing
30-55
(S) 51 Nos.
t Nos.
not
All but the last two
:
variegated
; below
spotted.
or
Above, somewhat
r April
Rl
(S), (M), (P), (W).
Black, Yellow, Blue,
no
(except Nos.
*
I
i,
to
i
Nov.
June
to
i
-^Sept.
{
BIRDS
olivaceous.
have
June
to
i
breast
i,
dark-spotted.
(S),(M), (P), (W).
}
J"^^
^
"^^
S^P"^- ^' (^)' (P"' (^^^'(^)-
{
Nov.
I
to
April
but
Black,
i,
(P), (W), (S), (M).
Yellow.
no
Showing black, but
RED.
yellow NOR
30-39
and below, quiteor nearlyalike.
: Above
Nos. 30-34
: Entirelyor
(32, 34) nearly black
throughout.
:
No.
35
:
Slate, with black
36, 37
Nos.
no
Ashy
:
and
crown
tail.
above, white
gray
or
whitish
below.
38, 39
Nos.
\ t Nos.
*
*
*
40-55
:
Above
Nos.
40-44
:
Nos.
45-55
:
t Nos.
Prevalent
:
45-49
and
Head
blue.
below
uniform.
not
black-
striped.
Head
not
black-striped.
Entire
under
side white (whitish)
:
black,
or
t t Nos.
50-55
:
Entire
under
side
not
white
nor
black.
51 H Nos.
*
*
*
56-70:
Shoiving black
Nos.
56-64
:
Red
on
Nos.
65-70
:
No
red
K^Xi
red,
breast.
on
breast.
but
no
yellow
,
1
8
HOW
*
(W)
(P)
*
Nos.
TO
173-175
Nos.
200-202.
Nos.
262-257.
:
NAME
THE
Throat
scarlet
April
BLUE
Showing
LISTS.
RED
OR
or
one
of
both
i
June
i
Sept.
Nov.
(^
I
i
these
BIRDS
or
white.
June
to
to
to
to
i,
Sept.
Nov.
i,
April
i,
i,
(S), (M),
(S), (P),
(S), (M),
(P), (W),
Colors, but
(P), (W).
(M), (W).
(P), (W).
(S), (M).
Black
no
nor
Yellow.
(S)
Nos.
107-118.
(M)
Nos.
176,
(W)
(P)
Nos.
203-205.
177.
258.
No.
RED
LIST
OF
in
LAND
WATER
AND
order^pp,
classijied
BIRDS,
gg-l02.
"
GAME
PERMANENT
Nos.
259-263.
LIST.
SPARROW
Nos.
6, 7, 8, 68, 69, 70, 79, 81, 105, 106, 152, 158, 173, 183,
198, 241, 250 (273, 274, only migrant on N. J. coast).
FOUND
BIRDS
Nos.
BIRDS.
IN
ONLY
N.
Y., PA.,
OR
N.
J.
264-274.
WATER
(S)
Nos.
119-148
(M)
(W)
Nos.
178,
Nos.
206-226.
*
Nos.
:
179
:
206-209
in winter.
BIRDS.
In
subgroups accordingto habitat.
Having inland migration.
:
The
commonest
on
coast
and
in interior
Regularlyand not uncommonly on
largerrivers of Pa. and N. J.,in winter.
210-226
Nos.
and
on
Winter
:
but found
territory,
to
out
and
in summer
or
occasionally
regularly
found in winter
Migrant birds occasionally
LISTS
SPECIAL
PA.
FOR
only Migrant in Pa.
Summer
birds that
Summer
and
Migrant birds that
and
Migrant birds
are
are
coast,
ofproper season.
birds found
Summer
9
SPECIES,
OCCASIONAL
OF
LISTS
normal
1
KEY
ANALYTICAL
AND
or
permanent
; p.
N.
N.
J. ;
in Pa.
53.
; p. 82.
J.
p. 72.
or
N.
J.;
p.
96.
Summer
found
(inwinter)onlyin
Pa.
or
N.
J. ;
p. 82.
Migrant birds
in summer
or
occasionally
regularly
found
in Pa. ; p.
54.
OF
BIRDS
Eagles"
Nos.
275,
PREY.
276.
Hawks
(and Allies)
Owls"
Nos.
"
Nos.
277-291.
292-302.
followingspeciesthe sexes have littleor no resemblance.
(Propernumber
precedes,length follows, the name.)
In the
65.
195.
Red-winged
Pine
Blackbird
Grosbeak
59.
Rose-breasted
67.
TowHEE
88.
Baltimore
114.
61.
Summer
Scarlet
;
8-9,
Grosbeak
Bunting;
; 9.
;
8-8^.
8-8^.
Oriole;
7"^-8.
Tanager;
7"^-8.
Tanager
; 7^.
TO
HOW
20
49.
Bobolink;
7^.
32.
Cow-bird;
7^^.
62.
Orchard
38.
Blue
Oriole
Grosbeak
115.
Purple
196.
Common
197.
White-winged
39.
Indigo-bird;
63.
Redstart;
161.
256.
;
;
Finch
;
THE
BIRDS
7.
6j^-7.
6.
6.
Crossbill;
6.
Crossbill;
5^.
5^.
Black-throated
American
NAME
Blue
Goldfinch
Warbler
;
4)^.
;
5.
SUMMER
GROUP.
LAND-BIRDS.
those
Comprising
breed
spring,
and
about
are
about
more
end
of
fall.
the
*
1-29.
1.
:
B^'east
thickly
Black, Yellow,
no
marked
the
earliest
latest
in
tory,
terri-
arrivals
departures
BROWN
;
Red.
streaked.
or
dark-spotted.
tail,quite long
brown,
nor
THRUSH.
Whitish,
with
Blue,
whitish, dark-spotted
white-barred
Wings,
the
south
LIST.
THRASHER:
Tawny
II.
the
October.
Showing
1-9
Nos.
The
and
March,
NEUTRAL
Nos.
from
arrive
generally throughout
in
of
middle
the
the
less
or
southward
retire
that
species
except
on
;
below, whitish,
throat,
rear,
and
der
un-
in
bush
tail-coverts.
Nest,
more
on
ground
brown-speckled
or
2.
of sticks, cedar-bark,
less
or
last
; eggs,
;
song,
WOOD
on
rump,
Above,
tail,and
May,
4-5,
like
THRUSH
Tawny
7^-8.
of
incoherent,
:
forepart
end
soft
whitish
or
21
greenish,
thickly
THRUSH.
dark-spotted.
becoming olive
white, buff- tinged
reddish-brown,
of wings
etc.,
cat-bird's.
SONG
Whitish,
leaves,
dead
;
below,
TO
HOW
22
breast ; breast
on
NAME
and
THE
BIRDS
sides,strongly spotted
with
dark
brown.
from
Abundant
with
moss,
ground
southern
part of
latter
; eggs,
edge
layer of
inner
May,
4-5, greenish-blue; fine
white,
and
abdomen,
From
rare
on
northern
not
twigs,
far
from
singer.
VEERY.
THRUSH:
throughout ; throat and breast,
faintlyspotted with light brown; sides
tawny
breast
white.
mts.
northern
rootlets,
Buff-white,spotted.
Tawny
buff-
of grass,
; nest,
with
lined
3. WILSON'S
']-']%.Above,
Mass.
to
mud
of Pa. and
part of N.
northern
in Ad'r
edge, locallycommon
J.
northward
;
rarely in
mud, usually on
ks ; winters
S. Pa. ; nest, of grass, leaves, roots, etc., without
ground ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, lightgreenish-blue;
good
singer.
4.
Dark
LOUISIANA
olive-brown
WATER
THRUSH.
Whitish, dark-spotted.
6.
line,whitish ; below, throat and rear, pure
Superciliary
white ; rest, buff-tinged(never sulphury-yellow),
sparsely
spotted with pale brown.
North
very
rare
to southern
in N.
(and
in southern
J. ; habits, nest, and
5. WATER
Dark
Conn,
THRUSH:
olive-brown
eggs,
WATER
Ad'r'ks); rarelybeyond,
as
in 5.
WAGTAIL.
Whitish, dark-spotted.
S/4~6. Superciliaryline, whitish ; below, whitish,or pale
sulphury-yellow, sharply and thicklyspotted, except on
rear.
Nest, on or near
ground, in damp places, or
in
and
white,
early
spotted with brown
June, 4-6.
tail
fair
in
N.
singer ;
teetering
J. only migrant.
;
near
water
lilac ;
; eggs,
walks,
with
SUMMER
NEUTRAL
GROUP
6. VESPER
SPARROW:
median
crown-line
White,
; whitish
23
FINCH.
GRASS
Grayish-brown, dark-streaked
6. No
LIST
streaked.
line and
superciliary
tail-feathers
; outer
wing, chestnut
eye-ring; patch on
ivhite ; below, white, often buffy ; breast
^
and
sides, dark-
streaked.
Nest, on ground ; eggs, latter part of May, 4-5, diverselycolored ;
in open
fields,by roadsides, etc. ; a pleasingsinger ; winters rarelyin
S. Pa. and N. J.
7. SHARP-TAILED
Olive-brown, streaked
SPARROW.
Brownish-white,
streaked.
5^. Light median
crown-line; long superciliaryline,
rich buffor orange-brown ; breast, stronglydark-streaked.
In salt marshes
of sea-coast
; nest, in
grayish white, evenly spotted
eggs,
8. LINCOLN'S
Crown
darker, with
of grass
by
water
;
species.
SPARROW.
Grayish-brown,streaked
5^.
tussock
; abundant
Whitish,
median
and
streaked.
lateral
ashy stripes;
across
below, white, with distinct brownish-yellow band
breast, sides tinged with same
side,except
; entire under
abdomen, dark-streaked.
Conn,
northward
; rather rare
; nest,
1st, 4-5, color variable ; singsfreely.
From
May
9.
HENSLOW'S
on
ground
about
; eggs,
SPARROW.
Buff-brown, dark-streaked
Buff-whitish,streaked.
5. 5^^ 105,
*
*
Nos.
10-20
Nos,
:
Above, brownish
12 and
13), not
variegated
;
spotted.
or
below
cept
{ex-
HOW
24
THE
NAME
TO
BIRDS
BLACK-BILLED
10.
CUCKOO.
White.
Brownish-gray
See 45,
II-I2.
CUCKOO.
YELLOW-BILLED
11.
White.
Brownish-gray
See 98.
II-I2.
WHIPPOORWILL.
12.
with
Mottled
various
quiet colors.
(^Yz.Prevailing tone, grayish-brown, from
black,
white
;
tail,rounded
of tail-feathers
No
nest
throat,white
j
June ist 2 eggs
spotted variously;
Mottled
No
on
nest
with
appearance
wing
are
a
laid
June
various
ist 2
in
or
of
as
same
and
laid
are
eggs
markings ; seen
cloudy day ; booming
14.
FIELD
and
ground or
species.
in
a
GREAT
whippoorwill; white
white-spotted.
ground, rock, or flat
mostly high in air at dusk,
on
at dusk
sound
in
WREN.
Rusty-white.
line
S/4-6. Long, prominent, whitish superciliary
and
June.
Brownish-white.
CAROLINA
Reddish-brown
A
sion,
depres-
TO.
15.
and
tips
SPARROW.
Light brown, dark-streaked
5"^. 5^^
throat
quiet colors.
in tints and
early evening,
on
nocturnal
tail,emarginate
;
; about
roof, variable
; ? has
tail-feathers,
NIGHT-HAWK.
13.
9. General
of outer
of
tawny.
; about
creamy,
patch
; end
reddish-brown
and
gray,
mingling
;
wings
tail,dark-barred.
southerlyspecies ; rarelynorth to
N. J. ; nest, of various
materials,
shrubbery
; eggs,
6-7, white, spotted
Mass.
;
"
"
permanent
of
in hole, nook
various
tints.
with
in Pa.
building, or
26
HOW
20.
TO
series of hooks
a
serrate
in appearance,
eggs,
*
not
4-6,
*
*
Whitish.
web
outer
on
invisible
Above
bank
of first
in
swallow
wing-feather,
distance.
at
of fence, house, and
sand-bank, but in cavities
white ; apparently rare.
pure
21-29:
from
; differs
in
Nos.
BIRDS
SWALLOW.
brown
breast
across
having
Nest,
THE
ROUGH-WINGED
Dull
5. Darker
NAME
the like ;
olivaceous.
sojnewhat
^
FLYCATCHER.
OLIVE-SIDED
21.
olive-brown
Dark
Whitish,
streaked.
lYz' Upper mandible, black; lower, yellowish; crownfeathers,erectile and darker ; wings and tail,darker ; tail,
emarginate ; below, breast peculiarlystreaked with olivebrown
tint ; remainder,
including middle line of breast,
white or yellowish.
Breeds
Conn,
from
from
ground
tance
; nest, unpretentious, at quite a disearly in June, 5, white, or whitish, spotted.
northward
; eggs,
PHCEBE.
22.
Whitish.
Dull olive-brown
7.
Bill,all black
emarginate
;
below, white, clouded
distributed
Quite generally
places, prettilymade
lined
; often
crown-feathers, erectile and darker; tail,
;
;
of grass
3 broods
constantlyflirtstail;
; eggs,
an
early
and
early
mud,
in
stuccoed
May,
5,
tail,darker
Light ash.
; see
51.
and
with
usually
PEWEE.
Olive-brown
and
eaves,
spring arrival.
23.
6-6X- Wings
under
nest,
tint of upper
with
in
moss,
pure
side.
similar
and
white
;
GROUP
SUMMER
ACADIAN
24.
LIST
NEUTRAL
"
27
FLYCATCHER.
Whitish.
Olive-green
5^-6^. Crown-feathers,erectile and darker ; yellowish
eye-ring; wing-markings, yellowish-white; breast, clouded
with tint of upper
side, but interruptedby middle whitish
line ; posteriorpart, below, washed
with yellow.
Rarely north
stronglymarked.
to
Conn.
;
nest, in
TRAILL'S
25.
trees
; eggs,
2-4,
white,
creamy
FLYCATCHER.
Olive-green
Ashy.
5^-6. Crown-feathers,erectile and darker; wing-bars,
shaded
with olive-gray.
gray ; breast, entirely
Breeds
eggs,
from
2-4,
Conn,
northward
; nest,
white, strongly marked
creamy
ground, in damp
near
; note,
places ;
ke-wink,
uttered
slowly.
26.
LEAST
FLYCATCHER.
Olive-green
Ashy.
SS/^' Crown-feathers, erectile and darker
with olive-gray.
gray ; breast, clouded
Particularlyabundant
4-5, pure
27.
;
wing-bars,
in N.
E. ; nest, in tree ; eggs, early in
white, rarelyspotted ; note, se-wic, uttered quickly.
SOLITARY
VIREO:
BLUE-HEADED
June,
VIREO.
White.
Olive-green
^%. Head, bluish ash ; eye-ringand line to billywhite j
2 white
wing-bars ; sides,olive-shaded; under tail-coverts,
slightlyyellow.
Generally distributed,but
southern
N.
not far from
dots.
E.
,
and
ground
more
only migrant
; eggs,
about
abundant
in northern
in N.
J. ; nest, pensileand
June
ist, 3-4, white, with
than
in
artistic,
fine reddish
28
TO
HOW
THE
NAME
WARBLING
2S.
VIREO.
White
Mouse-color
superciliaryline
5. Whitish
shade
BIRDS
;
.
below, sides
tinged
with
of back.
to 60 ft," in
20
Nest, pensile, higher than "red-eye's," "from
about
buttonwood
tree
ist,
4-5, white,
June
poplar, elm, or
; eggs,
in
found
brown-spotted ;
especially trees along roadway ; a wayside
warbler.
PHILADELPHIA
29.
VIREO.
Mouse-color
White.
at
field-range,from
Indistinguishable,
differs in
song
having
wing,
J. it is only a rare
extra
and
; in Pa.
N.
30-55
t Nos.
:
Showiiig black, but
30-39
30-34
No.
35
:
;
distinct
migrant.
RED.
yellow NOR
Above
and below
quiteor nearly alike.
: Entirely
or
out.
(32,34) nearlyblack through-
:
Nos.
somewhat
vireo
LIST.
BLACK
^ Nos.
and
quillin
warbling
Slate,with black
Nos.
36,
37
:
Nos.
38, 39
:
no
crown
and
gray above, white
Prevalent blue.
Ashy
30.
FISH
tail.
or
whitish below.
CROW.
Black.
14-16.
Like
common
crow,
but
smaller.
Along coast, north to Conn., rarely beyond ; along largerrivers of
Pa. ; nesting like common
crow
(33S) ; pisciverous.
GROUP
SUMMER
BLACK
CRACKLE:
til. PURPLE
CROW
Iridescent
Iridescent
12-13.
?
smaller,
LIST
29
BLACKBIRD.
black.
with
and
green
blackish-brown, and
purple
more
or
; eye,
creamy;
less lustrous.
abundant
throughout, but more
northerly; gregarious,*
ter
nest, large and
coarse,
commonly with mud, m bush or tree, the latlatter
of
variable
usually evergreen
May,
part
eggs,
4-5,
;
very
;
of first to arrive in spring ; winters
one
rarely in S. Pa. and S. N. J.
Breeds
32,
COW
COW-BIRD:
Iridescent
BLACKBIRD.
black.
7)4' Head and neck, dark chocolate
throughout, lighterbelow.
and
Polygamous, parasitic,
birds
from
April
gregarious;
; ?
eggs,
,
smaller, brown
laid in nests
of other
probably 4-5, apparently irregularly,white,
and
with
brown
pale lilac.
finelyspeckled
on,
33.
blue-black.
Lustrous
7.
gray
5
Duller
MARTIN.
PURPLE
above, somewhat
whitish below, with dark-
streaks.
Nest, formerly in tree-holes, now
; eggs,
4-5, in May, pure
swallow
34.
CHIMNEY
SWIFT:
Blackish
5. Throat, gray;
in
boxes, etc., like white-breasted
white.
CHIMNEY
(sootybrown).
wings, black; below, lighter.
Nest, of twigs glued together with
the
interior of chimneys ; remote
from
hollow trees, where
possibly it sometimes
to
white.
SWALLOW.
bird's
saliva,and attached
in
habitation
it nests
hibernates
! eggs,
4, pure
human
HOW
30
NAME
TO
35.
CAT-BIRD.
Slate.
Slate, black
and
Syi-g- Crown
black
tail,
; see
White.
Ashy-gray
with
and
Wings
white
; outer
66.
MOCKING-BIRD.
36.
9-10.
BIRDS
THE
tail,blackish, conspicuouslyspotted
tail-feathers,
pure
white.
southern
States, and
species, rarelysummering in Northeastern
there
in
winter
found
far from
has been
ground ;
; nest, clumsy, not
eggs, 4-6, bluish-green,thicklyspotted.
A
37.
LOGGERHEAD
SHRIKE.
Whitish.
Ashy-gray
8-9.Forehead, black, continuous with black stripe
through
tail,black, white-spotted; below, white,
eye ; wings and
clouded, but not "waved," as in butcher-bird
(!"'?')
.
southern
species,but locallyin Pa. and
north
to N. E. ; nest, simple ; eggs,
breeding
A
3".
BLUE
6}4-7'
Around
black.
of
base
very rarely
of butcherbird.
GROSBEAK.
blue and
Dark
N. J.,and
like those
bill,wings,
chestnut
wing-bars; $ smaller,brown
brownish-white
wing-bars.
and
,
"^
;
2
low,
above, lighterbe-
,
Breeds
north
of which
sparingly in S. Pa.
in N. J. ; nest, in bush
straggler; no record
pale blue, unspotted.
tail,black
or
it is possibly only a
low tree; eggs, 4-5,
BLACK
GROUP
SUMMER
blackish.
Indigo-blueand
blackish
wings and tail,
streaked.
above, lighterbelow, slightly
5"^. Blue
brown
intense
most
head
on
north
Breeds
throughout, rarer
bush ; eggs, last of May, 4-5, white
t t Nos.
*
31
INDIGO-BIRD.
39.
$
LIST
40-55
Nos.
Above
:
40-44
of
or
arid below
JVif/i head
:
;
Mass.; nest, rather large, in
blue-tinged, rarelymarked.
tiniforvi.
not
black-striped.
RED-EYED
40.
;
VIREO.
Olive-green
White.
perciliary
6-6}4' Crown, ashy, edged with black stripe; whitish suline ; dark
eye-stripe
; red
eye ; below, sides
yellow-shaded.
Nest, pensile,often showing pine-needles,pieces of paper and of
wasp's nest ; eggs, about
June ist, 3-5, pure white, red-tinged and
end
in woods.
spotted at larger
throughout summer
; a bright song
OVEN-BIRD:
41.
Rich
GOLDEN-CROWNED
olive
THRUSH.
White, dark-spotted.
5"^-6X- Crown, buff-orange, bordered
throat,white ; breast,blackish-spotted.
Nest,
over
ground,
on
; eggs,
about
of leaves
June
ist,
and
grasses,
lined
4-6, cream-white,
with
with
marked
black;
hair, roofed
;
walks
on
ground.
WORM-EATING
42.
WARBLER.
Greenish-olive
5"^. Head, buff,and
crown,
North
ground
2
through
rarely
; eggs,
to
eyes
Conn.
4-5, pure
,
with
; rear,
in N.
Buff.
4
black
stripes,2 bordering
whitish.
J, chieflyin
southern
white, finelyspotted.
part
;
nest,
on
HOW
32
TO
NAME
THE
CREEPER.
BLACK-AND-WHITE
43.
Black, streaked
of
5-5^. Top
whiter
than
BIRDS
head,
with
white.
black-and-white
striped; below,
above.
lined ; eggs, about
leaves, moss, delicately
white, dark-spotted ; always creeping on
Nest, of grass,
4-6, creamy
June
trunk
ist,
and
branches.
GNAT-CATCHER.
BLUE-GRAY
44.
White.
Ashy-blue
4^2-5. Forehead
and
white
line,black
superciliary
(outermostfeathers entirelywhite) ;
and
;
tail,black
? head
out
with-
black.
North
nest,
to
remarkably
*
N. Y ; rare, except
Y. and in western
with lichens, cup-shaped, 10-60 ft.from
active and voluble.
S. E.
N.
elegant,covered
*
Nos.
45-55
t Nos.
Without
:
45-49
45.
:
Entire
black
stripeon
head.
tender side white
BLACK-BILLED
locally;
ground ;
{whitish)or black.
CUCKOO.
Brownish-gray
White.
Bill, black;
eye-ring, red; outer tail-feathers,
white-tipped(subtipped with black) ; breast, sometimes
tinged with lightbrown.
slightly
11-12.
Throughout, but the more
northerly of the two species ; nest,
rather
crude, not far from ground ; eggs, earlyin June, 4-8, greenish,
laid
irregularly.
46.
YELLOW-BILLED
CUCKOO.
Brownish-gray
1 1
-
12
.
yellowj
Bill,largely
White
.
see
0".
NAME
TO
HOW
34
KINGFISHER.
BELTED
50.
Blue, white.
Ashy-blue,black
\2%. Crested;
107.
see
UPLAND
50*.
A
water-bird
SOb.
Mottled
9X.
See
with
WHIPPOORWILL
brown.
12.
NIGHT-HAWK.
with
Mottled
quiet colors.
13.
50d.
Dark
OLIVE-SIDED
FLYCATCHER.
olive-brown
7%. Crown, wings, and
streaked.
"Whitish,
tail,blackish
51.
Crown
;
see
21.
PEWEE.
Olive-brown
^^%'
reddish
and
black,gray,
50c.
9. See
rufous,black-streaked.
119.
see
;
PLOVER.
Pale
Blackish, variegated
12.
BIRDS
THE
Light ash.
feathers,erectile
and
darker; wings and
tail,blackish ; 2 white wing-bars ; tail,emarginate ; below,
dull yellowish-white ; breast and sides,
throat and abdomen
clouded
with
tint of upper
Nest, artistic ; eggs, middle
spots of lilac and reddish-brown
52.
side.
of
June, 4-5,
;
FIELD
note, pe-u-wee
white.
See 70.
or
ox
creamy,
with
large
pe-wee.
SPARROW.
Light brown, black-streaked,
crown
SYz^
buff
reddish
Brownish-
LIST
35
SPARROW.
SHARP-TAILED
53.
Brownish-white, blackish-streaked.
Olive-brown, streaked
S'A. See
BLACK
GROUP
SUMMER
7.
SPARROW.
LINCOLN'S
53".
Grayish-brown, streaked
Whitish,
dark-streaked.
S'A' Sees,
HENSLOW'S
54.
SPARROW.
Buff-white,streaked.
Buff-brown,black-streaked
5. Crown, blackish
54a.
;
edge
LONG-BILLED
Brown
SSH'
Crown
and
54i".
blackish
interscapulars,
4'A-SH'
"
HOUSE
with
see
16,
17,
WREN.
Light
blackish;
brown.
see
COERULEAN
WARBLER.
Azure-blue,black-streaked
White,
55.
; see
Brownish-white.
wren-brown
Waved"
105,
WREN.
MARSH
back, blackish;
54c.
Dark
see
WREN.
MARSH
SHORT-BILLED
and
wing, yellow ;
Brownish-white.
Brown
4.}4'Crown
of
18.
blue-streaked.
4.A- Bill,black ; wings and tail,blackish ; 2 white wingbars ; nearly all tail-feathers white-spotted; below, pure
streaks on breast and sides.
white, except blue-black
to S. E. N. Y. ; in
occasionallyin mts. of Pa. and northward
N. J. only a rare
migrant ; nest, delicate,20-50 ft.from ground ; eggs,
with reddish-brown
and
4, creamy-white, strongly marked
; a rare
beautiful species.
Breeds
36
HOW
51 H Nos.
*
56-70
Nos.
TO
NAME
Showing
:
56-64:
With
56.
THE
black
red
Bill,black;
AND
RED,
MOURNING
yellow.
no
DOVE.
Purplish-red
.
red; black
eye,
but
breast.
on
Grayish-blue
12.
BIRDS
spot
side
on
of head
;
shoulders, black-spotted; ends of wings
middle
black ; outer
black
and
tail-feathers,
tail-feathers,
white ; throat
and
and
breast, purplish-red; abdomen,
like wild pigeon,
lighter; sides, grayish-blue; essentially
neck,
iridescent
smaller
but
Breeds
;
;
has
?
of breast
red
replaced by grayish.
northward
to southern
edge of Mass. and on southern edge
found irregularlyand in small flocks ; sometimes
seen
and
in
S.
in
counties
Pa.
N.
several
of
J. ;
permanent
ground or in bush ; eggs, in May, 2, pure white.
of Ad'r'ks, but
in winter, and
nest,
on
57.
Dark
ROBIN.
Bright chestnut.
olive-gray
Bill,yellow ; head, black, slightlywhite-spotted;
feathers, white ; chin, white,
tail,blackish, end of outer
black-streaked
; throat, breast, and sides,bright chestnut
;
under
tail-coverts,white.
9-10.
Nest,
middle
eggs,
of coarse
vegetable material, the
layers, outside
finelylined, in all sorts of places, chiefly in trees ;
part of April,4-5, greenish-blue ; permanent in N. J.
of three
of mud,
latter
5S.
CARDINAL
GROSBEAK.
Vermilion.
8^. Bill,coral
9
,
very
much
red
;
black around
or
tree,
of
bill ; crested ;
faded.
Northward, rarely to Conn
in bush
base
near
white,brown-spotted
ground,
; a
,
permanent
often
favorite
near
in S. Pa.
and
water, rather
cage-bird.
N.
coarse
J
;
nest,
; eggs,
Black
S-S}i. Head,
rump,
white
breast
and
and
white
tail,black, with
and
white.
black
interscapulars,
pure
entire neck, and
wings
;
Carmine
white
and
37
GROSBEAK.
ROSE-BREASTED
59.
LIST
BLACK
GROUP
SUMMER
wing-coverts,rich rosy
carmine
requires 2 or 3
under
red ;
;
markings ;
otherwise,
for perfection
years
; below, white ; dark-streaked
; 2 , above, flaxen-brown
and
superciliarylines,whitish ; dark
throughout; median
below,
white
;
eye-stripe
; wings
and
tail,unmarked
;
breast, sometimes
saffron.
north of
in W.
Breeds
Pa., N. N. J., and northward, but rarer
Mass. ; nest, in tree or shrubbery ; eggs, about
ish,
June ist, 3-4, greenand a fine singer.
spotted ; handsome
ORIOLE.
BALTIMORE
60.
and
Black
orange.
TYz-Z. See 88.
TANAGER.
SCARLET
61.
Scarlet
and
black
Scarlet.
7"^. Entirelyscarlet,except black
olive-greenabove, yellowishbelow.
wings
and
tail ;
?
,
Rather
general, but not abundant, up to northern part of N. E. and
Ad'r'ks
thicket, not far from ground ;
in
or
; nest, inartistic,in tree
latter part of May, 3-5, pale greenish-blue,thicklyspotted ;
eggs,
brilliant,but
not
very
interesting.
ORCHARD
62.
Black
7. Entire
black, with
a
little
chestnut.
back, black ; rump and
; wings, black, white-barred
and
chestnut
; below, throat
head, neck,
tail-coverts,chestnut
and
ORIOLE.
and
upper
;
tail,
upper
38
HOW
;
barred
BIRDS
THE
perfectplumage in 3
?
above, olive-yellow,wings darker, whitishthan
S
; below, yellowish; smaller
breast, black
years
NAME
TO
chestnut
otherwise
;
;
,
.
and
in Mass.
throughout, but rare
oriole
deep and pensile than that of Baltimore
white,
spotted.
4-5,
northward
Breeds
Steel-blue,blackish
5-5"^.See
; eggs,
of
June,
SWALLOW.
CLIFF
62a.
nest, less
;
middle
Chestnut.
112.
63.
REDSTART.
Glossy black,flame-spotted.
5X- Black throughout, except sides of breast, patches
on
wings, and basal half of tail,which are flame-colored ;
abdomen, white ; ? greenish above, whitish below, pale
yellow in place of flame-color of $
,
.
Nest, compact and well-made, in fork of low tree
June ist, 4-5, white, strongly spotted ; has peculiar
with a characteristic sharp note.
WARBLER.
BLACKBURNIAN
64.
Orange.
Black, white-marked
4^.
*
*
Nos.
See
bush ; eggs,
and vigor,
or
dash
97.
65-70
:
IVilA
65.
no
red
breast.
on
BLACKBIRD.
RED-WINGED
Black.
9. Shoulders, scarlet, bordered
whitish
iridescent black
J otherwise
dark
;
;
?
,
smaller
;
above,
below, whitish, thicklystreaked.
Nest, in swamps,
pale blue, somewhat
and
by brownish-yellowto
fall ; winters
on
ground
marked
in S. N.
J.
or
at
low
bush
larger end
; eggs,
; in
middle
of
large flocks
May, 4-5,
in
spring
BLACK
GROUP
SUMMER
66.
Slate.
;
feet,black
little lighterbelow
; under
tail,and
8^-9. Bill,crown,
a
39
CAT-BIRD.
Slate,black
chestnut-red
LIST
than
erts,
tail-cov-
above.
exterior, lined, in bush or thicket ; eggs, latter
Nest, with coarse
herently.
dark
of
greenish-blue; singsfinelyat times, but incoMay, 3-5,
part
67.
CHEWINK:
Black, chestnut, white.
Black
S-S}4. Eye, red ; above,
mostly white ; below, throat
chestnut
S
with
Breeds
; other
warm
BUNTING.
TOWHEE
pure
and
black
upper
parts, white.
under
tail-feathers,
; outer
breast,black
;
sides,
replaces black
$
of
brown.
throughout,but
rare
north
of Mass.
; in winter
ally
exception-
E., S. Pa. and N. J.; nest, on ground, often in damp places ;
latter
part of May, 4-5, white or tinged,finelyspotted,
eggs,
in N.
,
6*7^.
KING-BIRD.
Blackish-gray
White.
8. Erectile crown-feathers,orange-tipped
;
67i".
Rich
olive
see
OVEN-BIRD.
White, dark-spotted.
black-bordered
S/4-6)4.Crown, buff-orange,
6".
SWAMP
Brownish,
47.
; see
41.
SPARROW.
black-streaked
Ashy.
S/4-6.Forehead, black ; crown, chestnut
neck, and breast,ashy ; below, chin and
; sides of
abdomen
head,
nearly
HOW
40
white
;
NAME
THE
breast, unspotted but
brown-shaded
BIRDS
faintlystreaked, as
the
are
sides.
Nest, in tussock
of
TO
dle
bush, in swamps
; eggs, midand
found
spotted ;
May, 4-5, white, variouslytinged
chieflyin
secluded
Pa. and
or
; has
great
lands
wet
N.
of grass,
low
in
a
variety of simple
SHARP-TAILED
68a.
Olive-brown, streaked
; winters
in
SPARROW.
Brownish-white,
5"^. Superciliaryline,rich buff;
69.
CHIPPING
Reddish-brown
5^.
songs
J.
Bill and
,
7,
see
SPARROW:
HAIR-BIRD.
black-streaked
forehead, black
streaked.
; crown,
Ashy.
chestnut
; superciliary
line, light; blackish
white
throat
wing-bars ;
and
eye-stripe;rump,
ashy; 2
tail,emarginate ; no markings on ashy
breast.
Nest, of fine vegetable material, lined with horse-hair,in low tree,
on
bush, or vine, seldom
ground ; eggs, about June ist, 4-5, light
bluish-green,dark-spotted.
TO.
FIELD
SPARROW.
Light brown, black-streaked
5^. Bill^dull reddish ; crown,
and neck, itidcfinitely
marked
with
wing-bars.
Not
plentifulnorthward
beyond
Mass.
Brownish-white.
rufous
brown
; more
red ; sides
j
2
obscure
of head
ish
whit-
ping
southerlythan chip-
land ; eggs,
; nest, on
ground or in low bush, in open
sparrow
late in Alay, 4-5, grayish-white,thickly spattered with light reddishbrown
in Pa. and
S.
; pleasing but
unpretentious singer ; winters
N.J.
HOW
42
feathers
;
A
TO
NAME
largelywhite-spotted; below, yellow,paler on
in fullest plumage, head sometimes
orange.
southern
holes
;
BIRDS
THE
species, extremely rare
prefers damp places.
SUMMER
75.
; no
record
in
N.
domen
ab-
J. ; nest, in
YELLOW-BIRD.
Golden-yellow,faintlystreaked.
Breast, and sometimes
brown, often obscurely; no
back,
5.
Nest, of fine
generally
grass and
in low bush
variouslyspotted
with
spot
on
Head
NASHVILLE
nest, on
7T.
from
Yellow
on
.
inconspicuous chestnut
eye-ring; paleron abdomen
; ? has
head
;
less noticeable.
S. E. N. Y.
ground
BLUE
ash
tail.
WARBLER.
neck, ashy
; white
and
crown-spot
Breeds
and
crown
orange-
tints.
Olive-green
4^-5.
on
with
ers,
cottony material, lined with wool, hair,feathabout
June ist, 4-5, grayish-white,
; eggs,
divers
76.
white
streaked
; eggs,
northward, but occasionally inmts. of
about
June ist, white, variouslymarked.
YELLOW-BACKED
WARBLER:
Pa. ;
PARULA
WARBLER.
Ashy-blue
4"^. Yellow spot on middle
tail,white-spotted; throat and
of rich brown
$
less
,
bright,more
Chieflyon
northern
across
breast
Yellow.
of back;
upper
; other
white
wing-bars;
breast, yellow ;
under
lar
col-
parts, white.
marked.
indistinctly
edge,
of mosses,
globular ; eggs,
and
reddish-brown
lilac ; a
in N
locallyabundant
J.; nest, largely
early in June, 4-5, white, spotted with
delicate species.
but
*
*
78-86
Nos
{or on
bright
yellowon
Without
:
YELLOW
GROUP
SUMMER
LIST
43
throat and
both
breast
neither).
78.
FLYCATCHER.
CRESTED
GREAT
Dark
Greenish-olive
ash, yellow.
8^-9. Crown-feathers, erectile ; tail,largelychestnut ;
throat and
breast, dark ash, passing abruptly into
upper
yellow.
tains
not abundant
; nest, in hole of tree, usually consnake-skins
in
early
; eggs,
June, 4-5, creamy or buff,curiously
dark-streaked
and spotted.
Throughout, but
SEA-SIDE
T9.
Olive-brown, streaked
6. Lore,
streaked
North
tussock
spotted
brightyellow ;
FINCH.
Brownish-white, streaked.
edge of wing, yellow ; faintly
below.
of coast ; not found in Pa. ; nest, in
to Mass., in salt marshes
of grass, near
finelyand evenly
water; eggs, grayish-white,
; abundant.
ACADIAN
79a:
FLYCATCHER.
Olive-green
5^-6X-
See
80.
Whitish.
24.
YELLOW
BELLIED
Olive-green
FLYCATCHER.
Olivaceous-yellow.
5^. Eye-ring and wing-bars,yellow ; breast
olivaceous-yellow
brightyellow.
; abdomen,
and
sides,
habitat of this species, the records of its
nesting mostly coming from Me. and Pa. (particularlyin mts.), also
ground ; eggs, 4-5,
rarely in Ad'r'ks ; nest, in damp places, near
white, spotted ; note, pe-a, uttered slowly.
Authorities
differ
as
81.
to
SAVANNA
Brownish-gray, dark-streaked
5J^.Faint
median
crown-line
SPARROW.
Whitish,
; often
a
cast
dark-streaked.
of
yellowabout
TO
HOW
44
head
;
white
line
superciliary
in tail ; breast
and
NAME
THE
BIRDS
edge of wing, yellowish;
sides,thicklydark-streaked.
and
no
Breeds
chieflyin N. E., only migrant in Pa. ; winters inS. Pa. and
S. N. J. ; nest, rude, on
ground ; eggs, early in May, 4-6, motley
colored ; preferssalt marshes
rapidly on ground.
; runs
SHARP-TAILED
82.
Brownish-white,
Olive-brown, streaked
rich
^}4.Superciliary
SPARROW.
buff line ;
White.
Bright olive-green
eye-ring,2 wing-bars, sides
tail-coverts,yellow.
5. Eye, white
and
under
Nest, in low
tree
strips of hornet's
red-eyed
vireo
;
or
bush,
very
; a
breast,
ground, often of newspaper,
June ist, 4-5, like those
eggs,
wasp's nest ;
dashing singer.
SOLITARY
Olive-green
S'A.See
of
near
or
84.
VIREO.
White.
27.
85.
SPARROW.
HENSLOW'S
Buff-white, streaked.
Buff-brown, dark-streaked
5. Edge of wing, yellow;
86.
YELLOW-WINGED
Brown, black-streaked
5. See
7.
VIREO.
WHITE-EYED
83.
see
streaked.
106.
see
105.
SPARROW.
Buff,not streaked.
or
of
GROUP
SUMMER
BLACK
Nos.
*
87-106
Nos.
BLACK
"
Showing
87-92
:
Black
87.
YELLOW
YELLOW
AND
:
AND
Black
both
and
yellowon
Brown, black-streaked
45
LIST.
and
MEADOW
LIST
Yellow.
breast.
LARK.
Black
and
yellow.
10%. Outer tail-feathers^
largely white ; below, bright
breast.
on
yellow,with large black crescent
dant
abunBreeds
throughout ; in winter exceptionallyin S. N. E. more
in
southward
N.
in
on
nest,
ground,
chiefly
; permanent
J. ;
latter
of
with
brown
meadows
May, 4-5, white, spotted
part
; eggs,
and lilac ; flies strai^ht^with rapid wing-beat.
,
8S.
BALTIMORE
ORIOLE
Black
and
:
GOLDEN
ROBIN.
orange.
and
7"^-8. Entire head, neck, and back, black ; rump
tail-coverts,orange ; wings, black, white-spotted
;
upper
black
and
throat
tail,black and orange ; below, except
per
upbreast,orange ; orange throughout of variable intensity;
low,
less replacedby olive ; beor
more
$ smaller, duller,black
with white, and
only
pale orange throughout, mixed
suggestion of black on throat.
,
Nest, deep and
slightlytinged and
pensile, finelywoven
; eggs, June ist, 4-6, white,
marked
; fine singer, artistic builder.
"8".
LINCOLN'S
Grayish-brown,
5"^. See
8.
streaked
SPARROW.
Whitish,
streaked.
46
HOW
TO
NAME
CANADIAN
89.
side,except
black
down
WARBLER.
Yellow, black-streaked.
black-streaked
under
BIRDS
FLYCATCHING
Ashy-blue
SSH' Crown,
THE
tail-coverts,
yellow ; chain of
each side of throat, connecting with necklace
breast ; wings and tail,
unmarked
; ? has black
of
white
line and whole
; superciliary
under
jet across
markings obscure.
Breeds
grant
throughout N. E. and occasionally in mts. of Pa. ; only mibuilt
often
of
nest,
on
loosely
pine-needles,
ground, in
J. ;
in N.
woodland;
swampy
end
with
brown
4-5,
eggs,
lilac ;
and
90.
"
white, "clouded
singer than
finer
a
Forehead
and
most
warblers.
WARBLER.
HOODED
Yellowish-olive
5X"
delicatelyat larger
Yellow
and
sides of face, rich
black.
yellow,surrounded
by black hood covering rest of head, neck, and throat
largewhite spots on tail ; hood not perfecttill 3d yr. ;
generallyshows only ragged traces of it.
Rarely
spotted
;
of
north
Conn.
; nest,
frequentlyspreads
91.
tail ;
low in bush
a beautiful
4,
; eggs,
REDSTART.
PRAIRIE
Olive
.
mark
on
WARBLER.
Yellow,
and
Forehead
4X'
black-streaked.
line,yellow ;
superciliary
side of face ; brick-red
wing-bars ; tail,white-spotted;
and
white, red-
See 63.
92.
black
?
species.
Glossy-black,flame-spotted(or yellow)
SX-
;
V-shaped
a
spots on back
side-streaks
on
;
2
low
yel-
throat
breast, black.
Seldom
north
of Mass.
; abundant
and
nest, of grass
woody
feet
of the
few
within a
with different shades
;
a
in S. N.
fibre,lined
ground
with
; eggs,
like
flycatcher,
J. ; rarely breeds
in Pa. ;
horse-hair, feathers, etc.,
June
ist, 3-5,
the redstart.
white, marked
*
*
Nos.
BLACK
GROUP
SUMMER
93-97
:
CHAT.
YELLOW-BREASTED
Bright olive-green
and
Superciliaryline
7.
Rarely
as
white
clear
far north
ground,
Mass.
as
variable
94.
around
;
in
neck;
no
N.
J. ; nest,
;
more
to
line
marldngs
ground ; eggs,
singer and
near
; eccentric
3-4,
bat.
acro-
WARBLER.
on
Bright yellow
Y., rather
.
in
common
Pa., very
rare
in
with reddish
4-5, lustrous white, dotted
warblers ; walks, like oven-bird.
; eggs,
most
terrestrial than
95.
lore, black.
;
line curling
yellow superciliary
side of
below
eye and running down
wings and tail ; sides, olive- shaded.
S. E. N.
ground
on
white
rich
markings
Rarely north
yellow.
nest, in bush,
KENTUCKY
crown;
; black
eye
Rich
abdomen,
Olive-green
5|i^.Black
47
yellow {or (97) black-bordered).
Breast pure
93.
LIST
YELLOW
AND
WARBLER.
YELLOW
BLUE-WINGED
Yellow.
Yellow-olive,ashy-blue
golden-yellow head,
eye-stripe
;
and
back
fading to olivaceous
; ashy-blue wings
rump
tinguish
and tail ; 2 whitish wing-bars; largewhite spots on tail ; diswhite
from "prothonotary by black eye-stripe,
wing-bars,and olivaceous rump.
5. Bill, dark
;
black
"
N. E. ; nest, in tuft of grass, a circlet of oakNorth
to southern
hair
leaves and thin bark, finelyand deeply lined with fine grass and horseend.
at
larger
; eggs, latter part of May, 4-6, white, spotted
96.
Yellow
Olive-green
5. Forehead
and
band
wide
edged above ; abdomen,
yellow restricted.
THROAT.
YELLOW
MARYLAND
white
Nest, of leaves, grass, hair,
part of May, 4-6, pure white
on
or
.
through
; $
,
no
eye,
black,
ground, in damp
creamy,
black, gray-
nor
spot
gray
; eggs,
variously marked
edge
;
latter
dant.
; abun-
48
HOW
TO
NAME
BLACKBURNIAN
or.
WARBLER.
Black, white-marked
or
BIRDS
THE
Orange, whitish.
4j^. Head, throat, and breast, flame-color, interspersed
bordered
with abrupt clear black markings ; large wing-
spots and
much
of
whitish
tail,white
yellowish;
or
black-streaked, and
white
of
wings
;
$
orange
sides, black-streaked
has
domen,
; ab-
black
ive,
replacedby olreplaced by yellow,and
restricted.
in northerly part of range
Breeds
and
in mts.
of Pa. ; nest, of
of
from
bark,
strips
silkyfibre,feathers,etc.,higher
ground than most
warblers
middle
of June, 4-5, white, marked
; eggs,
; a splendid
species.
*
*
*
Nos.
98-106
98.
:
With
no
on
yellozv
YELLOW-BILLED
CUCKOO.
White.
Brownish-gray
Lower
and
tral
part of upper, yellow ; cenlike back, the rest black, broadly whitetail-feathers,
11-12.
mandible
breast.
tipped.
Nest, very
than
in the
crude and loose ; eggs, about
"black-billed."
99.
BLACK-THROATED
Grayish-brown
June
ist,4-8, lighter
green
BUNTING.
Black, whitish.
line ; back,
6Y2. Crown, olive-yellow
; yellowsuperciliary
black-streaked
;
; edge of wing, yellow; wing-bars,chestnut
men,
abdoand
throat ; breast
chin, white ; large black area
on
yellowish-white
; sides, grayish-white.
Northward, to Mass., rarely ; nest, on ground or near
seldom
spotted.
part of May, 4-5, greenish-white,
it ; eggs,
latter
50
HOW
BIRDS
THE
NAME
TO
WARBLER.
WHITE-THROATED
103.
White.
Slaty-blue
black eyeline and cheeks, white ; narrow
Superciliary
and
large wing-patch, rich yellow ; below,
stripe; crown
entirelywhite.
5.
Extremely
rare
;
mostly
E.
and
; nest
eggs,
as
yet
discovered.
un-
WARBLER.
GOLDEN-WINGED
BLUE
104.
in N.
found
Black, white.
Slaty-blue
and
large
eye-stripe,black ; crown
wing-patch,rich yellow ; tail,white-spotted; throaty black ;
tinct
otherwise,below, white or yellow-tinged;? has less dismarkings.
5. Bill and
to S. N.
Northward
rare
in N.
broad
J.;
nest,
E.;
in Pa.
migrant, possibly breeding ; very
dish-brown
eggs, June ist, 4-5, white, with red-
rare
ground
on
;
dots.
SPARROW.
HENSLOW'S
105.
black-streaked
BufiE-brown,
Buff-white,streaked.
line ; edge of wing,
blackish,with buff median
yellow ; throat and abdomen, whitish ; breast and sides,
low-win
yelstrongly dark-streaked
; chieflydistinguishedfrom
by streaks below.
5. Crown,
"
"
Not
than
common
so
far north
as
"
"yellow-winged sparrow
greenish-white,sprinkled with
106.
E. ; only rare
migrant in Pa. ;
of grass;
tuft
in
; nest,
eggs,
red ; in open
grass-land.
N.
4-5,
SPARROW.
YELLOW-WINGED
Brown, black-streaked
5. Crown, blackish, with
rarer
buff median
Buff.
line ; short
line, yellowish; edgeof wing, yellow ; spot
on
ciliary
super-
wing,
yellowish; below,
Nest,
rich
ground, in
frequents open
on
spotted ;
land ; eggs,
sandy fields.
open
107-118
neither
Showing
:
107.
BELTED
;
5I
abdomen,
June ist,4-5,
RED
OR
LIS"
RED
OR
buff, unstreaked
BLUE
Nos.
BLUE
GROUP
SUMMER
pure
ish.
whit-
white,
LIST.
Black
nor
Yellow.
KINGFISHER.
Blue, white.
Ashy-blue
I2"^. Long, thin crest, a little darker; wings and tail,
ing
dark, white-spotted; below, white on throat and extendaround
neck, but not meeting on hind-neck
; broad
and
breast-band
sides, ashy-blue ; abdomen, white ; $
has
Nest,
a
lined with
water
near
few
; has
sand-bank, enlarged at inner end,
white ; always
; eggs, June ist, 6-8, pure
notes.
peculiar rattling
fish-bones
107a.
PURPLE
Lustrous
7. See
chestnut.
in
hole
deep horizontal
a
sides
and
abdomen-band
MARTIN.
steel-blue.
33.
BLUEBIRD.
lOS.
Chestnut, white.
Lustrous-blue
6X-7' Throat, breast,
and
sides, chestnut
;
abdomen,
white.
Nest, of various
post,
etc. ; eggs,
permanent
in N.
fine materials, in natural or artificial hole in tree,
May ist,4-6, lightblue ; earliest herald of spring ;
J.
109.
BARN
SWALLOW.
Chestnut.
S teel-blue
6-7. Forehead, chestnut
; below, various shades
tail,deeplyforked,white-spotted
of chestnut, deepest on breast ;
;
HOW
52
TO
NAME
imperfectsteel-blue
an
from
collar
swallows
all other
Nest, of mud,
breast
across
by forked
with soft
lined
BIRDS
THE
;
distinguished
tail.
material;
eggs,
middle
of
May, 3-6,
white, thicklyspotted.
SOLITARY
110.
5J^. Head,
VIREO:
BLUE-HEADED
Olive-green
White.
bluish-ash
;
see
VIREO.
27,
INDIGO-BIRD.
111.
Indigo-blue.
S/4' Wings
and
tail,blackish
CLIFF
112.
SWALLOW
SWALLOW.
EAVE
:
Steel-blue
39.
see
;
Chestnut.
5-5/^. Forehead, lightbrown
;
sides of head
and
rump,
wings and tail,dark; tail, emarginate ; throat
and
breast, chestnut, breast paler, with steel-blue spot ;
abdomen, white.
chestnut;
Nest, somewhat
middle
; eggs,
gourd-shaped, of mud, lined,under eaves,
of May, 3-6, white, thicklyspotted.
113.
WARBLER.
COERULEAN
White, blue-streaked.
Azure-blue, dark-streaked
4;^.
See
114.
nies
in colo-
55.
SUMMER
TANAGER.
SUMMER
RED-BIRD:
Vermilion.
7^-8.
$
,
Rarely north
N.
above,
to
J. ; nest, rude,
part of
brownish-olive
Mass., seldom
in tree
or
in
;
Conn.,
thicket,
not
low.
below, pale buff-yelrare
in
far from
Pa., not
ground
May, 3-5, pale greenish-blue,thicklyspotted.
114"^.
CARDINAL
Vermilion.
8"^. Crested
; see
58.
GROSBEAK.
found
; eggs,
in
ter
lat-
GROUP
SUMMER
BLUE
"
Carmine,
LIST
53
FINCH.
PURPLE
115.
RED
OR
brownish.
mine
crown-feathers,erectile ; throughout,carof varied
intensity,fore-partbrightest; back, darkdarker ; abdomen, white ; ? olivestreaked ; wings and tail,
white.
brown, dark-streaked
; abdomen,
6.
Large
bill ;
,
sparingly in Pa. and N. J.;in winter, rarely
in Pa. ;
Mass., occasionally in Ad'r'ks, but rather abundant
ter
in
far
from
not
of
various vegetable fibres, tree,
ground; eggs, latnest,
fine
warbler.
part of May, 4-5, pale green, thinlydark-spotted ; a
Breeds
north
throughout,
but
to
SPARROW.
VESPER
116.
White,
Grayish-brown, dark-streaked
6.
Wing-patch, chestnut
117.
Light brown,
6,
see
SPARROW.
FIELD
see
;
70,
HUMMING-BIRD.
RUBY-THROATED
118.
Ruby, white.
Golden-green
2J4' Wings
emarginate
and
Brownish-white.
dark-streaked
reddish
5)^. Crown,
;
;
and
tail,brownish-purple; tail,forked
throat,metallic
abdomen,
white
streaked.
;
?
,
; breast
ruby-red ; sides,green
smaller
;
or
tail,black-barred
; outer
feathers,white-tipped; throat, white.
Nest,
(North
Winter
delicate and
elegant ; eggs,
of all the
and
alone
South)
Birds
Found
early June,
continents
Regularly
or
2,
white
possesses
;
America
birds.
humming-
Occasionally
in
Summer.
{T/iebird''s proper
184.
mts.
Brown
of Pa.,
number
Creeper;
regularly.
its name.)
its length
follozus,
precedes,
5^;
Mass.
and
northward, and
in
HOW
54
201.
Shore
186.
Winter
TO
Lark
;
NAME
7-7
Wren
BIRDS
THE
j^ ; Ad'r'ks, not
; 4 ;
northern
on
uncommon.
edge, and
in
of
mts.
Pa., regularly.
185.
Finch
Pine
Mass.),and
191.
in
;
Snow-bird
6-6
;
regularly.
j^ ;
breed
to
;
edge, and
northern
on
in mts.
of
Wachusett, Mass.
Mt.
on
Nuthatch
Canada
edge (exceptionallyin
northern
on
;
of Pa.,
mts.
Pa., regularly
; said
199.
4^
4^-5
;
Ad'r'ks, and in
of Pa.,
mts.
regularly.
196.
of Pa.,
197.
in mts.
; 6 ;
Crossbill
Common
northern
on
edge,
and
in
mts.
regularly.
of Pa.
regularly;
,
; 6 ;
Crossbill
White-winged
187.
Butcher-bird;
195.
Pine
193.
Hudsonian
202.
Golden-crowned
edge,
and
rare.
9-10;
Grosbeak
northern
on
;
8-9;
on
northern
on
northern
Chickadee
5
;
Kinglet
edge, regularly.
edge, regularly.
edge,
northern
;
on
;
4-4)4
northern
on
"
larly.
regu-
edge,
regularly.
Migrant
Found
Birds
Regularly
in
Summer
Warbler
169.
Mourning
161.
Black-throated
150.
Olive-backed
151.
Hermit
171.
Black-and-yellow
175.
Yellow-rumped
156.
Bronzed
162.
Wild
178.
American
;
Thrush;
7-7
Pigeon
7-7
}4"
Warbler
Warbler;
Crackle
;
;
16 ;
Snipe;
in mts.,
'
Warbler;
;
12-13;
Occasionally in
Pa.
SSH
Blue
Thrush
or
"^ ;
in mts.,
mts.,
larly.
regu-
occasionally.
occasionally.
5; in mts.,
5^;
W.
in
5;
in mts.,
;
regularly.
in
occasionally.
mts.,
ally.
occasion-
Pa., regularly.
occasionally.
occasionally.
10;
GROUP
SUMMER
WATER
"
BIRDS.
WATER
sub-groups^according to generalhabitat.
In
with
Bill, yellow ; above, blackish, speckled
12.
white
tail,orange-brown, dark-barred, white-tipped;
breast and sides, black-streaked.
tawny
upper
;
meadows
uplands and
ground
Bill,very
"
corner
upper
;
short, barred
; ?
dark
or
grass,
WOODCOCK.
Variable
tints
long; large head;
dark
stripe from
,
straw
spotted.
creamy,
or
Variegationof
10.
game-bird ;" nest, of
clay-colored
4,
; eggs,
"
; a
120.
on
rufous,black-streaked.
Pale
Blackish
on
PLOVER.
UPLAND
119.
In
55
GROUP.
SUMMER
or
BIRDS
pale brown.
"large
bill to
in
eyes
eye
;
back
tail,very
larger.
Throughout, occasionally in winter ; a winter bird in N. J. ; nest,
ground ; eggs, in April,4, thicklymarked
; prefersdamp places.
RAILS.
This
family,two
somewhat
are
resemble
be
to
on
the
growth
found
121.
KING
and
which
in appearance
almost
ground,
of reeds
speciesof
and
are
the domestic
hens,
They
ing
nest-
thick
grasses.
RAIL:
Bill,long
fowl.
exclusivelyin open marshes,
in the
secretingthemselves
FRESH-WATER
Brownish-black, lighterstreaked
17-19.
called marsh
; dark
eye-stripe
;
MARSH
HEN.
Cinnamon-red.
streaked
on
upper
56
HOW
side ; tail,short
and
Locally in
and
Pa.
THE
BIRDS
;
N.
and
in
as
eggs,
J. in fresh-water
marshes
SALT-WATER
RAIL:
MUD
Dull
line
14-16. Bill,long ; superciliary
tail
no
Abundant
along
Mass.
to
ground
;
; in
sides and
southern
salt
of N.
coast
123.
Breeds
king
A
small
Dark
in fresh
;
of
salt marshes
or
and
; nest
COMMON
;
eggs,
as
in
RAIL.
Dark
afid
gray.
cetttral lijie of
flanks,black-and-white
barred.
dant
throughout, but in N. J. chieflymigrant ; especially abunAug. and Sept. ; nest, as in other rails ; eggs, 6-12,drab, ted
spot-
bird.
game
YELLOW
RAIL.
Brownish-yellow,black-streaked
line
Lighter superciliary
;
Nest,
wet
on
king rail (121).
RAIL:
tail,short
125.
Pa. and
grasses,
Cinnamon-red.
olive-brown,white-specked
; abundant
white
and
RAIL.
VIRGINIA
CAROLINA
throat, black
6.
;
J.,accidentallyin Pa., straggling
8-9. Bill^ sho?-t ; fore part of face
in
brown.
smaller.
124.
Breeds
HEN:
buff,spotted.
to
fac-simile
throughout,
rail,but
MARSH
;
and
; nest, of reeds
Olive-brown
8-10.
Conn.
throat,whitish
white-barred.
tail-coverts,
under
marshes
6-12, whitish
; eggs,
casuallyto
HEN.
Brownish-gray, variegated
almost
;
clapper rail.
CLAPPER
122.
NAME
below, breast rich cinnamon-red, throat
paler ; flanks,blackish, white-barred.
abdomen
nest
TO
flanks, black-and-white
and
N.
habits, as
J.
a
rare
in other
migrant.
;
Paler.
thicklyspotted above
with
barred.
rails ; eggs,
6, buff-brown, spotted
; in
58
NAME
TO
HOW
130.
BITTERN.
LEAST
Greenish-black
Eye, yello^;
11-14.
abdomen,
back, and
crown,
brownish-yellow
side of breast
on
Brownish-yellow
hind-neck, chestnut
;
of
sides
;
has
$
;
.
tail,glossygreenish-black
neck, breast,and
; blackish
throat,whitish
;
legs,green
;
BIRDS
THE
chestnut
patch
and
crown
back.
Breeds
south
throughout, but
; in marshes
; nest,
of
north
rare
on
and
Mass.
ground
near
or
; eggs,
not
abundant
3-5, white,
blue-
tinged.
HERONS.
These
largestof
the
are
often in colonies, and
swamps,
131.
birds,livingin wooded
nesting in trees.
water
our
BLUE
GREAT
Slaty-blue
42-50.
2
Bill and
eyes,
black
plumes,
;
yellow ;
head,
black
HERON.
Black.
crest
and
long feathers and
white ; long, slender
of
shoulder-feathers,grayish; long legs.
Nest,
in
tree
pairs,small
size and
or
flocks,
dark
bush
rarely in
more
plumage
132.
in
pale greenish-bkie ; found
identified
heronries
;
large
by great
occasionallyin N. J.
3-4,
; eggs,
; winters
GREAT
WHITE
Pure
HERON.
white.
with
36-42. No crest, but in breeding season
train of long plumes from back, reaching beyond
splendid
tail
;
legs,
black.
A
"
southern
great blue,"
species,but
vefy
rarelythroughout
range
;
nesting,like
GROUP
SUMMER
133.
SMALL
train
lower
BIRDS
HERON:
WHITE
Pure
24.
WATER
59
EGRET.
white.
long feathers,a
of plumes from
back, and lengthened feathers on
neck in breeding season
; legs,black ; eggs, 4.
Bill, black
Extremely
; eyes,
yellow ;
crest
of
rare.
134.
LITTLE
Dark
HERON.
BLUE
grayish-blue.
; this species
Eyes, yellow ; head and neck, maroon
small
sometimes
preciselylike
pure white, then almost
24.
"
is
white
heron."
southern
A
species,very
rare
States
in Northern
;
nesting, as in
egret.
135.
NIGHT
HERON:
Bluish-gray,dark
SQUAWK.
QUA-BIRD:
Whitish.
green
Long black bill ; eye, red ; forehead, white
shoulders,and interscapulars,
glossy dark green
white
plumes from hind head
very long slender
above, bluish-gray; legs,yellow.
24.
Most
abundant
nest, high in tree
2
or
3
wise,
; other-
;
in winter
usually gregarious
; occasionally
eggs, early in June, 4-6, pale green.
heron
;
; crown,
;
136.
Dark
GREEN
green
16-18. Bill,long and
;
HERON.
Dark
blackish
;
of
brown.
crown
long plumes
iridescent ; back,
and
hind-head, glossy green, sometimes
bluish ; neck, purplishchestnut
slightly
; white line down
middle
of throat and breast ; legs,greenish-yellow.
In
pairs,rather than gregarious
May, 5-6, pale greenish-blue.
; nest,
in tree
or
bush
; eggs,
in
6o
HOW
The
TO
followmg
two
are
THE
NAME
and
found alongponds
SUMMER
137.
BIRDS
Blackish,iridescent
streams
:
DUCK.
Chestnut, v/hite,buff.
19. Slightlycrested ; head, with green and purple lustre,
and white-streaked
and
breast,
; throat
; shoulders, black
; white
chestnut
sides, buff,
crescent
black-lined
each
on
;
side
in front
white
abdomen,
; ?
of
wing
duller
;
and
,
marked.
distinctly
less
Breeds
throughout in woody places
about
eggs,
13".
12,
pale
drab
PIED-BILLED
; handsomest
GREBE:
near
water
;
DABCHICK
Brownish-black
nest,in tree-hole
;
of the ducks.
:
HELL
DIVER.
Ashy, dark-spotted.
and
hind-neck, grayish-black; large black
throat-patch; below, somewhat
spotted; abdomen, white.
Crown
13.
Breeds
rarelythroughout
compact
nest,
a
from
beneath
;
mass
water
; a
abundant
more
; in
winter, frequent in Pa., rare
inN.
J.;
of
aquatic plants,on edge of pond, or built up
sort of floatingisland ; eggs, 5-6, whitish, unspotted
in migration.
PLOVERS.
The
allied
families,plovers and sandpipers,are
ing
wading coast-birds,nearly all of them breed-
two
mostly small
far
to
the north
within
only four speciescan
territory.
139.
;
SEMIPALMATED
Ashy-brown
7. Black
across
band
breast
;
across
forehead
be said to
mer
sum-
PLOVER.
White.
and
over
eye,
and
one
legs,yellowish.
migrant in
only very rarely in territory,but an abundant
May, Aug., and Sept. on coast, and, in Pa., at Lake Erie, and along
Breeds
largest rivers.
GROUP
SUMMER
PIPING
140.
Pale
Black
6%.
black
band
line
$
;
White.
forehead
; sides
of
face, white ;
interrupted,and not
and
neck
abundant
Breeds
in
anywhere along coast, but most
it is found in flocks ; nest, in tussock
when
of grass ; eggs,
with a few small dots.
4, clay-colored or creamy,
KILDEER
141.
Grayish-brown
Black
9-10.
line each
obscure.
migration,
June
black-banded.
White,
side of crown,
meeting on forehead
eye-stripe; tail,with i to
line ; black
superciliary
black
bars, white-tipped; below, white, with 2 broad
across
breast,reaching to hind-neck.
upper
This
and
breeding in
bird ;
May,
spotted sandpiper the most abundant
territory; not gregarious ; an inland
sound
from
name
4, creamy
to
of note
; nest, in
clay-color,spotted
142.
SPOTTED
grass,
; winters
barred
;
line
superciliary
below,
pure
;
3
black
of the "waders
rather than a coast-
near
water;
in S. Pa.
eggs,
"
in
SANDPIPER.
Ashy-olive,black-speckled
7/4- White
ist,
PLOVER.
white
bands
1
PLOVER.
ashy-brown
across
6
BIRDS
breast, often
upper
has black of forehead
across
circlingneck
WATER
"
; white
with
white,
White, spotted.
on
wings ; tail,white-
large black
spots
;
feet,
pinkish.
and
Along every fresh-water course
of body, and
low flight
on
nest,
;
tinted and
These
the
from
most
on
N.
J. coast
ground,
near
;
ing
peculiar teeter-
water;
eggs,
4,
marked.
are
GULLS
AND
beautiful
aerial
part, coming from
the south
territory.
in
summer
;
TERNS.
coast-birds, the former, for
the north
in winter, the latter
they breed only locallywithin
62
HOW
TO
LAUGHING
143.
BIRDS
THE
NAME
White.
white
Black,slate,
fore-neck
all
tail,and below,
white
16-19. Head
neck,
rump,
and
GULL.
BLACK-HEADED
GULL:
round, blackish ; rest of
back, slate.
; wings and
breeds
along coast;
only in summer;
species, seen
sand, of sea-weeds,
on
etc.; eggs, 3,
ground, commonly
greenish, spotted ; in Pa., only migrant on Susquehanna River.
A
nest,
southern
on
TERN.
ARCTIC
144.
Pearly-blue.
Bill,red ; entire top of head, black
little lighter
blue than above
; under
14-17.
below,
pure
a
tail,white
;
tail-coverts,
white.
Breeds
similar.
in
localities
same
"
as
COMMON
145.
SEA
TERN:
"
tern
common
nesting and
;
SWALLOW.
13-16.Bill,red; entire top of head, black; back
wings, pearly-blue; tail,white, forked ; feet,red.
Breeds
eggs,
;
several
on
nest,
on
of dried
ground,
of
middle
off coast
islands
Jvtne,3,
drab
to
eggs,
White.
Pearly-blue
coast
;
of
N.
E., and
a
few
on
and
N.
J.
simply
slightdepression ;
buff,splashed with dark spots ; very
grass,
or
a
gregarious.
146.
Pale
12-16.
ROSEATE
pearly-blue
Bill,black
;
TERN.
White,
glossyblack
cap
rose-tinted.
;
tail,white,forked;
feet, red.
Breeds
similar.
in
same
localities
as
"common
tern;"
nest
and
eggs,
MIGRANT
GROUP
147.
LAND
TERN.
LEAST
White
Pearly-blue
9. Bill, yellow,black-tipped;
forked ; feet,pale orange.
localities as
Breeds
in same
sand or in slightdepression.
14".
STORMY
63
BIRDS
glossy black
foregoing;
PETREL:
.
eggs,
cap ; tail,
1-3, laid
"MOTHER
on
bare
CAREY'S
CHICKENS."
Blackish.
8.
Bill,black
Breeds
;
7'innp^white
;
tail,forked.
along N. E. coast ; rather common
cavation
; nest, in horizontal exground; ^g^^ single,white ; strictly
maritime, coming to
in
land only to breed.
There
three
are
species of stormy petrelsto be found,but almost or
quite indistinguishableat field-range; the most
abundant, Leach's,
has forked
tail,the other two, square
MIGRANT
tails.
GROUP.
LAND
BIRDS.
Comprising those species that arrive from the south in
ern
in the northspring,lingera short time, go north to breed
rondack
part of the States of Me., N. H., and Vt., and the Adiin the same
regionof N'. V. or beyond return
in the fall,and winter
manner
dary
beyond the southern bounwithin
are
; the periods for this group
territory
proximat
apand
April I June i
Sept. i Nov. i.
"
"
,
"
"
64
HOW
NAME
TO
LIST.
NEUTRAL
neither
Showing
149-155;
Nos.
BIRDS
THE
Black, Yellow, Blue,
nor
Red.
(Allbut
the last three have
dark-spotted.')
THRUSH:
GRAY-CHEEKED
149.
breast
ARCTIC
ALICE'S
OR
THRUSH.
Brownish-olive
7^-8. Below,
ground
be
to
variety of
tinge ; breast, dark-spotted.
edge ; nest, clumsy, on
lightgreenish-blue, thickly spotted;
the
"
northern
on
even
early June,
; eggs,
said
song
buff
no
if it breeds
Doubtful
White, dark-spotted.
3-4,
from
that of all other
different
thrushes
Whitish, dark-spotted.
Brownish-olive
"^. Buff eye-ring; above, dull olive
breast, buff-tingedand thicklyspotted.
7-7
nest,
northern
on
bulky,
possibly a
THRUSH.
OLIVE-BACKED
150.
Breeds
;
olive-backed,"
without
edge and
below, whitish;
occasionallyin higher
within
mud,
;
few
feet
of
ground
mts.
;
of Pa. ;
eggs,
early
June, 3-4, lightgreenish,variously spotted ; ordinary singer,
151.
HERMIT
Soft brownish-olive
THRUSH.
Buff-white, spotted.
eye-ring; above, dusky olive,becomijtg
tawny on rump and tail ; below, white ; breast, buff- tinged
and stronglyspotted.
l-lYz' Yellowish
Breeds
nest,
eggs,
N.
northern
on
rather
coarse
early June,
J. ;
the
gem
and
3-4,
edge and occasionally in higher mts. of Pa.
mud, generally on ground
large, without
light greenish-blue ; winters in S, Pa. and
of thrushes.
;
;
66
NAME
TO
HOW
THE
LIST.
BLACK
156-161
^ Nos.
156.
Showing black, but
:
CROW
BRONZED
BIRDS
yellozvNOR
no
BLACKBIRD:
RED.
BRONZED
I
CRACKLE.
black.
Iridescent
Threefold
12-13.
in
iridescence
rather
distinct
breast, steel-blue ; wings
purple, otherwise shining brassy.
head, neck, and
and
Breeds
and
nest
northern
on
habits,
in
as
edge, and commonly
purple grackle.
157.
and
areas
;
violet
tail,
in western
part of Pa.
;
GRACKLE.
RUSTY
Rusty black.
dress, iridescent black, which, in migration,
"
is overspreadwith
bill,black ; eye, pale white, or
rusty ;
yellowish; $ above, rusty-brown ; below, same, mixed with
9. Summer
''
,
line.
grayish-black; pale superciliary
S.
Breeds
Conn.
northern
on
;
edge
rarelyin S. N. J.and
; winters
and
nest, large, of grass
mud,
lined
; eggs,
locallyin
4,
greenish,
variable, brown-spotted.
ash, brown-streaked
Dark
black
7. Forehead,
lines
meeting
black; black
bars
; chin
eye-
and
on
variable
very
"
;
found
on
; broad
stripe;
northern
;
no
median
ash.
and
iary
supercil-
line bordered
median
brownish
rump,
whitish ; flanks
;
2
white
and
by
wing-
under
tail-
yellow.
ground
; nest, on
difference from
; observe
exceptionallyin winter.
in color
edge
Light
white
hind-head,
abdomen,
coverts, brownish
Breeds
SPARROW.
WHITE-CROWNED
15".
in bush
or
"
; eggs,
white-throated
4-5,
row
spar-
Reddish-brown,
Short
173.
black-streaked
White, ashy.
yellowstripemay
BLACK-POLL
160.
67
LIST
SPARROW.
WHITE-THROATED
159.
7. See
BLACK
GROUP
MIGRANT
notice.
escape
WARBLER.
White.
Olive,black-streaked
top of head, glossy black ; sides of head,
white ; sides of throat and
white ; wing-bars and tail-spots,
black crown,
minus
and, below,
breast,black-streaked
; $
Whole
^%.
,
white
streaks
less pure,
Breeds
less marked.
northern
edge; nest, large for bird, oftener
ously
feet
from
a
ground ; eggs, late in June, 5, variabout
ist.
generally the last spring migrant,
June
exceptionallyon
in evergreens,
tinted ;
few
Black, white.
Slaty-blue
5. Sides
of
head, throat,
tail,dark, former
wings and
edge ; below, except
olive above
;
WARBLER.
BLUE
BLACK-THROATED
161.
and
with
and
throat
of
sides
body, /^Z
large white spot
sides,clear white
wing-spot, somewhat
obscure
;
black ;
the
on
$
dull
,
; below, whitish.
in the mts. of
Breeds
northern
on
edge, rarely a little south, and
Pa. ; nest, of various fine materials ; eggs, June ist, 3-5,
creamywhite, tinged,when fresh, with rose-color," and spotted ; a beauty.
"
^ % Nos.
162-164
162.
WILD
:
Showing
black
and
red,
PASSENGER
PIGEON:
Grayish-blue
but
no
yellow.
PIGEON.
Purplish-red.
neck ;
Bill, black ; eye, red ; metallic gleam on
tailshoulders, black-spotted; ends of wings and middle
whitish, black, and
feathers, black ; outer
tail-feathers,
16.
chestnut
;
tail, long and
graduated;
throat
and
breast,
68
HOW
NAME
TO
BIRDS
THE
lighter; sides,grayish-blue; feet,
breast replaced by grayish-brown.
purplish-red,abdomen
red ;
of
red
has
$
Mostly migrant, breeding a
frail,in
tree
in
; eggs,
appeared from
little in northern
April or May,
States ;
Eastern
abdo7tten j
Forehead
white ;
abdomen,
Breeds
usually
on
in
Chestnut,whitish.
;
buff-white ;
has
edge
duller chestnut
ings.
mark-
nest, rather large,of various materials,
ground ; eggs, middle of June 4-6,
ft. from
10-20
marked
bluish-green,
;
?
throat,
tail-spots,
; crown,
wing-bars and
sides,chestnut
northern
hemlock,
172.
sides of head, black
and
breast, and
upper
throat, crimson;
;
WARBLER.
Olive,dark-streaked
$%.
see
BAY-BREASTED
164.
nest
largely ais-
Scarlet,black,yellowish.
crimson, black-bordered
back and
"
WOODPECKER.
Black,white, yellowish
S}4. Crown,
Pa
in winter.
occasionallyseen
YELLOW-BELLIED
163.
on
yellowish
1-2, pure
N. E. and
white ; has
of latest to
; one
arrive
in
spring, and
rather
"
rarf.
YELLOW
Nos.
165-167
165.
YELLOW
:
LIST.
Showing Yellow, but
RED-POLL
Olive,streaked
WARBLER:
no
Black.
PALM
WARBLER.
Yellow, streaked.
ers,
line,yellow ; tail-feathsuperciliary
with
white-spotted; below, yellow, faintlystreaked
5. Crown,
chestnut
;
reddish-brown.
breeds
Exceptionally
N.
J.
; nest, on
spring ;
ground
often found
on
northern
edge ; occasionallv winters in S.
; first warbler
(except " pine'")to arrive in
ground ; constantlyflirts tail.
on
GROUP
MIGRANT
BLACK
"
AND
YELLOW
ORANGE-CROWNED
166.
Olive-green
WARBLER.
Greenish-white,streaked.
A%~S' Crown-spot, orange-brown
line,yellowish; see 153,
167.
with
or
See
ruby
BLACK
Nos.
*
168-175
Nos.
or
YELLOW
both
Throat
and
:
quiteyellowishbelow, and
crown.
Showing
168-172
ciliary
super-
Yellowish-white.
AND
:
eye-ring and
KINGLET.
Sometimes
177.
without
;
RUBY-CROWNED
Greenish-olive
4-4^'
69
LIST
LIST.
Black
and
Yellow.
breast black
{orashy) and yellow,
pure yello7V.
CONNECTICUT
16".
Olive-green
WARBLER.
Blackish-yellow.
5^. Head, ashy; white eye-ring; hQ\o\^\except brownishand upper breast, yellow; difficult to distinash of throat
guish
from
mourning warbler," except by its white eyering.
"
Breeding-placenot
known
169.
Clear
;
more
yellowish-olive
black throat and
in fall than
in
spring.
WARBLER.
MOURNING
5-5^. Head, ashy-gray;
Breeds
abundant
Black, yellow.
eye-ring; below,
upper breast,brightyellow.
no
white
cept
ex-
edge, and in mts. of Pa. ; nest, of leaves,grass,
hair,
ground; prefers moist places ; eggs, last of May, 4-6, white
from
or
; called
variously marked
mourning
creamy,
appearance
on
northern
on
"
of crape
on
throat
where
black
is touched
"
with gray.
TO
HOW
7""
170.
NAME
CAPE
THE
WARBLER.
MAY
Yellowish-olive
BIRDS
Yellow, black-streaked.
SS'A- Crown, blackish
; ear-patch,reddish
lore, black
; side
of
head, yellow
or
ish-olive,
orange-brown ; back, yellowrich yellow; large white
dark-streaked;rump,
; below, yellow ; throat,
patch on wings ; tail,white-spotted
tingedwith orange-brown ; breast and sides,black-streaked ;
similar,but without so distinctive markings.
?, somewhat
Breeds
northern
edge ; nest, near
and
various shades ; rare
on
with
spotted
171.
;
BLACK
AND
ground
bluish-white
; eggs,
'
beautiful.
YELLOW
WARBLER:
MAGNOLIA
WARBLER.
Yellow, black-streaked.
Blackish-yellow
head
very dark, except bright-yellow
rump ; foreband
broad
through eye, black ; crown, ash^hox-
5. Above,
and
dered
with
prominent white patch on wing ; tail,
white ; below, yellow ;
tail-coverts,
; under
white-spotted
breast and
Breeds
near
172.
on
ground
white
;
sides, black-streaked.
northern
; eggs,
edge
and
earlyJune, 4,
BLACK-CAPPED
in
occa.
dull
mts.
of Pa. ; nest,
white, finelydotted
FLYCATCHING
;
in tree
showy.
SON'S
WIL-
WARBLER:
BLACK-CAP.
Yellowish-olive
Bright yellow.
and sides of head, yellow ;
5. Forehead
has obscure black crown,
or
none.
Breeds
on
black
edge ; nest, said to be in bushes, with
its nidification is rather uncertain.
northern
white, dotted,but
crown,
; ?
4 eggs,
'
MIGRANT
*
*
Nos.
BLACK
GROUP
173-175
YELLOW-BELLIED
1T3.
LIST
71
throat scarlet or tvhitc.
With
:
YELLOW
AND
WOODPECKER.
Scarlet,black,yellowish.
Black,white, yellowish
white
2
by black;
8"^. Crown, crimson, bordered
stripes,separatedby black, on side of face ; back, black
and
yellowish; wings and tail,black and white ; throat,
scarlet; breast, black
yellowish
;
abdomen,
;
?
\i^s white
throat.
on
Breeds
4-6,
eggs,
northern
pure white.
; winters
edge
on
WHITE-THROATED
174.
Reddish-brown,
median
7. White
rarely in N. J. ; nest, in hole;
PEABODY
SPARROW:
black-streaked
line
on
crown,
White,
bounded
by
BIRD.
ashy.
black
band
;
bill to eye,
line ; black eye-stripe
; from
superciliary
brightyellow; 2 white wing-bars, not prominent; throat,
white, bordered
by black line ; breast and sides, ashy-
white
gray.
Breeds
nest, on
;
a
on
northern
ground
handsome
175.
or
; winters
edge
in bush
sparrow
;
and
Mass. southward
;
or
ist, 4-5, very variable in col-
locallyfrom
eggs, June
a fair singer.
YELLOW-RUMPED
WARBLER:
MYRTLE
WARBLER.
Slaty, black-streaked,
yellow
2
White, black,yellow.
5"^. Crown, rump, and spot each side of breast, yellow;
and abdowhite wing-bars ; tail,white-spotted
men,
; throat
white
//"!r^
always yellow ;
winter
; $
and
5
;
breast
other
,
and
sides,black
yellow spots
in winter, brownish,
and
variable
white
or
; rump,
absent
in
obscurelystreaked.
northern
bler
waron
edge and rarely in mts. of Pa. ; commonest
from
spring ; the only warbler remaining regularlym wmter
in S. E. N. Y. and
N. J. ;
Mass
southward, and locallyabundant
marked.
bush
low
in
tree
or
nest,
; eggs, early June, 4-5, white,
Breeds
in
HOW
72
Yellow.
nor
White, spotted.
Reddish-tawny
7. See
Black
SPARROW.
FOX
176.
LIST.
RED
neither
Showing
176, 177:
BIRDS
THE
OR
BLUE
Nos.
NAME
TO
152.
176a.
BAY-BREASTED
Olive,streaked
WARBLER.
Chestnut,whitish.
164.
5"^. See
RUBY-CROWNED
177.
KINGLET.
Greenish-olive
Whitish.
in
4-4^. Yellowish eye-ring; scarlet patch on crown
in ? ; 2
whitish wing-bars ;
$" probably absent
mature
below, white, tinged with buff or yellow.
,
Possibly
etc.
; eggs,
TAe
/;/ Pa.
northern
on
edge ; nest, of feathers,hair, moss,
remarkable
described
singer for its size.
;
breeds
not
following
or
N.
J. ;
105.
Henslow's
Savanna
81.
139.
143.
Semipalmated
25.
Traill's
29.
Philadelphia
Lincoln's
125.
Yellow
5
;
;
5^
precedes,its
number
in Pa.,
i^^ Pa., on
;
Flycatcher;
Sparrow;
Pa., rare.
;
5^
5
; in Pa.
;
rare.
Susquehanna River.
Pa. and N. J.
yjf^
; in
5"^-6; in Pa.
Flycatcher
Rail;
7;
16-19;
Vireo
; in
; in Pa.
Plover;
Gull;
Olive-sided
Migrant
name.
Sparrow
Laughing
only
are
proper
Sparrow
21.
8.
Birds
bird's
the
its
length follows,
Summer
and
and
N.
in Pa. and
N.
6; in Pa. and N. J., rare.
N.
J.
J.,rare.
J.
HOW
74
NAME
TO
GROUP.
WINTER
BIRDS.
LAND
those
Comprising
in
speciesthat
from
down
come
and
territory,
the winter within
in the fall,pass
BIRDS
THE
the
north
north
return
spring.
LIST.
NEUTRAL
Nos.
180-186
Showing
:
Black, Yellow, Blue,
neither
nor
Red.
WAXWING.
BOHEMIAN
180.
Orange-brown.
7-8. Crested
and
200,
; see
with
compare
Cedar
Wax-
wing, 255.
Variegationof
See
6X-7-
Dark
white
little black.
brown, with
and
190.
PIPIT:
TITLARK:
182.
BUNTING.
SNOW
1"1.
WAGTAIL.
LARK:
BROWN
Light yellowish-brown, spotted.
brown
minutely streaked; superciliaryline, buff;
tail-feathers, partly white;
tail,darker ; outer
sides, dark-spotted.
6"^. Above,
wings
and
breast
and
as
In summer,
Mass. , near
eggs,
entirelybeyond
coast, and
dark
chocolate
4-5,
occa.
northern
in
; feeble
; in
edge
S. Pa
note,
; nest,
tremulous
far
nqrth
ground ;
and jerking
flight,
winter,
as
crude,
on
tail.
183.
IPSWICH
Grayish-brown
Median
6^.
line ;
2
White,
lightcrown-line
indistinct
whitish
SPARROW.
;
brown-streaked.
long
wing-bars
;
a
superciliary
general rufous ap-
whitish
WINTER
above
pearance
GROUP
and
; throat
NEUTRAL
"
LIST
abdomen,
75
white
pure
wise,
; other-
below, white, brown-streaked.
On
N.
of N. E.
doubt as
coast
J,
especiallyon
,
; some
to its
184.
being
line ;
feathers, stiff and
Breeds
chieflyon
in crevice
lodged
June
and
curious
above,
sand-hills of Mass. and
distinct species.
BROWN
Variegationof
^%. Bill,slender
a
Whitish.
browns
decurved
;
of
mixture
faint whitish
superciliary
browns
white ; tail-
acuminate.
northern
edge and in mts. of Pa. ; nest, usually
bark of tree and main wood
; eggs, about
FINCH:
PINE
always climbing trees.
LINNET:
Flaxen, dark-streaked
with
Breeds
and
between
PINE
4^. Wings
those of
CREEPER.
ist, 4-8, dull white, brown-spotted;
1"5.
on
SISKIN.
Lighter.
and
tail,darker ; variablysuffused
yellow; tail,emarginate.
out
through-
northern
edge, in mts. of Pa. and exceptionally in Mass. ;
winter, throughout ; nest, high in tree ; eggs, April and May, 4-5,
in large flocks ; undulating flight
and
light green,
spotted ; roams
querulous note of goldfinch,its ally.
on
,
in
186.
Dark
4.
with
WINTER
wren-brown
line,whitish
Superciliary
darker
brown
WREN.
;
Light
finely
"
;
tail,short and
brown.
waved"
throughout
erect.
Breeds
northern
and
on
edge and in mts. of Pa. ; winter, Conn,
southward
in hole or crevice
; nest, of hemlock
twigs, feathers,moss,
;
eggs, last of May, 5-6, pure white speckled with reddish-brown.
76
NAME
TO
HOW
LIST.
BLACK
187-194
5[ Nos.
:
Showing black,hit
GREAT
BUTCHER-BIRD:
1S7.
yellozvNOR
RED.
SHRIKE.
Whitish.
line
superciliary
White
no
NORTHERN
Bluish-ash
9-10.
BIRDS
THE
;
broad
black
eye-stripe;
spots ; below,
wings and tail,black, both with large white
with black.
whitish,finely waved"
'*
Breeds
C.
northern
on
; nest, in low
tree
; in winter
edge
bush, of
or
tints ;
4-6, variegated with many
south
irregularly
as
far
material, softlylined
coarse
dispositionof
hawk
; has
as
N.
;
eggs,
barbarous
scream.
BOHEMIAN
1"".
WAXWING.
Orange-brown.
and
7-8. Black forehead, eye-stripe,
SHORE
1"9.
j^. For
see
200.
black.
^^White,
winter
plumage, see
SNOW
BUNTING:
190.
;
LARK.
HORNED
LARK;
Pinkish-brown
7-7
chin
201.
SNOW-FLAKE.
White, brown, black.
6X-7.
endless
back
and
plumage, white,
variegation; blackish crown,
dress, pure
; summer
white
with
and
; middle
much
some
brown
black
of back,
in
on
wings,
tail,mostly black.
Breeds
N.
Winter
C.
color
;
far north
nest,
; often
appears
States, occa.
irregularlyin Northern
and
on
moss,
ground ; eggs, 4-6, variable
in large flocks.
with snow-storm
; commonly
; in winter
of grass
to
in
WINTER
GROUP
Black
Slaty-black
6-6}4. Almost
white
;
black
pure
below, throat and
abruptlyinto white
LIST
77
SNOW-BIRD.
191.
pure
BLACK
"
head
on
upper
; ? has
beneath
white.
and
tail-feathers,
breast, black, passing
black replacedby dark
; 02iter
brown.
Breeds
northern
on
Mt. Wachusett,
Mass.
edge and
in
in
winter,
;
higher mts. of Pa. and reported on
throughout, abundant
ally
; nest, usu-
ground; eggs, June ist, 4-5, variouslytinted and marked;
sprightlytinklingnotes in winter, and pleasing song in spring.
on
192.
LAPLAND
LONGSPUR.
Black,white.
Brownish-black,buff-streaked
6-6
"^. Winter
line
plumage, as given ; lightsuperciliary
;
head, throat,and
with brownish
breast, black, overcast
; grayish-chestnutcollar ; tail, dark, white-spotted;
below, except throat and breast, white, dark-streaked
on
whole
sides.
far north
Breeds
nest,
on
ground
;
winter, throughout,but rare ; no record
4-6, dark, thicklyspotted.
193.
5. Throat, blackish
on
;
northern
edge;
describe nest
RED-BREASTED
Leaden-blue
4^-5.
See
199.
Whitish.
sides and
authorityfails to
193a.
J.;
CHICKADEE.
HUDSONIAN
Olive-brown
Breeds
in N.
; eggs,
rear,
in winter
and eggs.
NUTHATCH:
in N.
lightbrown.
E., but
rare;
CANADA
Reddish-brown.
highest
HATCH.
NUT-
78
HOW
TO
NAME
WINTER
194.
Dark
4. See
THE
BIRDS
WREN.
wren-brown
Light
brown.
186.
51 H Nos.
195-199
Showing
:
195.
black
AND
red,
but
no
yellow.
GROSBEAK.
PINE
Carmine, blackish
Carmine,
gray.
tail,blackish ; 2
; wings and
8-9. Back, dark-streaked
white wing-bars; below, fading to whitish on abdomen
; ?
above, ashy-gray; head and rump, brownish-yellow; below,
lightergray.
,
Breeds
twigs
chieflyin
northern
on
edge
rootlets,lined
and
;
winter, throughout, irregularly
; nest, of
in
flocks,
s
potted
;
eggs, 4, greenish-blue,
;
evergreens.
COMMON
196.
CROSSBILL.
Brick-red,blackish
crossed
head
and
;
rump,
,
and
Breeds
found
and
head
brightestred
dark-streaked
tail,blackish ; ? greenish-olive,
yellowish; below, greenish-gray.
rump,
6. Mandibles,
wings
Brick-red,gray.
northern
on
in winter
;
edge
permanent
and
in mts.
in Ad'r'ks
4 ft.
of Pa., where
; known
in March
deep! nest, in tree ; eggs,
white, prettilyspotted; in flocks,
commonly
snow
197.
WHITE-WINGED
Brick-red,blackish
6. Same
as
or
in Feb.
;
are
with
April, 4, greenish-
in evergreens.
CROSSBILL.
Brick-red,gray.
crossbill,but with
common
large flocks
to breed
;
2
white
wing-
bars.
Habitat
and
habits
as
in
eggs, pale blue, larger,and
not found in N. J.
common
crossbill
thicklyspotted;
;
permanent
rare
in Ad'r'ks
;
species; irregular
;
WINTER
GROUP
ARCTIC
19".
chestnut
white
far north
Breeds
runs
Ashy.
;
winter, abundant
ground ; eggs, 4-7,
rapidly on ground
throughout ; nest, in bush
pale green, finelydotted with reddish-brown
; has
a
LINNET.
204.
SVz. See
CANADA
RED-BREASTED
NUTHATCH:
Leaden-blue
More
perciliary
by white sutop of head, black, bordered
line ; broad
black
eye-stripe;tail,black, white-
Whole
of various
shades.
in migration ; breeds
in higher mts.
nuthatch.
in white-breasted
as
nidification,
abundant
;
HATCH.
NUT-
Reddish-brown.
spotted; below, reddish-brown,
Ad'r'ks
;
Rosy-tinged,streaked.
Flaxen, streaked
4K-5.
or
chatter.
musical
RED-POLL
19"".
199.
line ; 2 promisuperciliary
nent
and
breast, ashy ; dark spot
of breast.
in centre
on
black-streaked
throat
wing-bars;
79
SPARROW.
whitish
;
LIST
TREE
CHIPPER:
Reddish-brown,
6. Crown,
BLACK
"
and
in
LIST.
YELLOW
Showing
of Pa.
Yellow,
but
no
Black.
None.
Nos.
200-202
YELLOW
AND
BLACK
:
Showing
200.
Black
both
LIST.
and
Yellow.
WAXWING.
BOHEMIAN
Orange-brown.
7-8. Crested; forehead,
a
littlevvhite
on
wings ;
broad
red
and chin,black;
eye-stripe,
horny appendages,like
bits of
8o
HOW
sealing-wax
NAME
TO
often
wings,
on
,
BIRDS
THE
tail ; tail, broadly
on
occa.
chestnut-red.
; tinder tail-coverts,
yellow-tipped
in flocks ; the
roams
farther south than Mass., yet rarely to Pa.;
northern
analogue of cedar-bird, /855.
seldom
Infrequent, and
more
LARK:
SHORE
201.
Yellow, black, white.
Pinkish-brown
7-7
dress
yi' Summer
line
black
yellow;
into
extended
offace atid throat, sulphurforehead and
bordering crown,
sides
:
across
tuft
small
a
LARK.
HORNED
horn
or
black
; small
crescent
breast ; tail,dark ; outer
on
largeblack crescent
low
feathers,partlywhite; in winter, coloration paler,hut yelthroat oftenconspicuous.
under
eye;
in Ad'r'ks ; flocks
Breeds
except occa.
entirelynorth of territory,
in E. Pa. and
in winter, along coast, and rather
common
southward
in
N. J. ; nest, slight,on
April, 4-5, grayish,thickly
ground ; eggs,
spotted; allied to European "skylark."
KINGLET.
GOLDEN-CROWNED
202.
Whitish.
Greenish-olive
Yellow
4-4K.
patch
in front and
line, whitish ;
Breeds
on
northern
from low bough
winter bird.
on
2
both
whitish
edge
; eggs,
BLUE
Nos.
203-205
:
Showing
203.
on
bordered
(itscentre scarlet),
sides by black stripe; superciliary
wing-bars.
crown
hanging
feathers,
est
smallour
6-10, white, entirelyspeckled ;
; nest,
chieflyof
OR
RED
neither
PINE
Black
GROSBEAK.
Carmine, dusky.
8-9.
See
195,
moss
and
LIST.
nor
Yellow.
$2
how
The
name
to
Summer
Following
175.
Robin
; 9-10
;
Found
Birds
Warbler
.
abundant
$}{ ;
;
are
Winter:
in
throughout,more
Yellow-rumped
_a^
Migrant
and
Occasionally
57.
birds
the
southward.
and
Mass.
southward,
regularly.
115.
Finch
Purple
67.
Chewink
87.
Meadow
; 8-8
Lark
174.
White-throated
158.
White-crowned
southward.
and
Mass.
6;
;
southward.
j^ ; Mass. and
; 10^ ; Mass.
Sparrow
7 ; Mass.
;
Sparrow
southward.
and
and
7 ; Mass.
;
and
southward.
southward,
rare.
151.
36.
Hermit
Thrush
Mocking-bird
K)8.
Bluebird
165.
Yellow
; 9-10
and
; Conn,
6^-7
;
rare.
southward.
W^arbler
Red-poll
southward,
and
Conn,
;
southward.
and
Conn,
7-7)4 ;
;
possiblynorth
5 ;
;
to
Conn.
157.
Grosbeak
58.
Cardinal
32.
Cow-bird
65.
Red-winged
56.
Mourning
;
120.
Woodcock
135.
Night
Savanna
68.
Swamp
70.
Field
152.
Fox
31.
Purple
138.
; 9.
12.
10.
Heron
The
; 24.
in Pa.
followingonly
Sparrow
;
5
and
Sparrow;
Sparrow;
Sparrow;
5"^-6;
5)^ ; Pa.
7;
Crackle
Grebe
;
;
13
N.
and
S. N.
N.
Chester
;
Pa.
(rare).
141.
Kildeer
Plover
; 9-10
; S. Pa.
J.
S. N.
"
J.
J.
S. Pa. and
S. Pa. and
; 12-13
N.
or
and
"^ ; S. Pa.
; 6 ; S. Pa.
Sparrow
Pied-billed
Pa.
16.
;
;
rare.
rare.
Blackbird
Pigeon
Wild
6. Vesper
;
Dove;
162.
81.
7^
Y. and
S. E. N.
8j^ ;
;
southward,
and
9 ; Conn,
Crackle;
Rusty
N.
J.
J.
J.
Co., Pa., and
S. N.
(frequent)and
N.
J
J.
WINTER
GROUP
Thrush;
3. Wilson's
7-7^
Heron
Blue
131.
Great
172.
Yellow-bellied
Long-billed
17.
Short-billed
;
Marsh
Wren;
Wren;
J.
S}4 ; N. J.
S-S/4 ; S. N. J.
;
; S. N.
4^
J.
GROUP.
BIRDS.
WATER
Comprising the
N.
42-50;
WINTER
f
8;^
BIRDS
5 S. Pa.
Woodpecker
Marsh
16.
WATER
commonest
found
both
on
coast
and
in
the
interior in winter.
206.
GOOSE:
CANADA
COMMON
Black, grayish-brown
"
on
of
and
entire
body, grayish-brown finely
"
northern
migrant
207.
white
;
mon
species,found inland and on coast ; in Pa. only a comin tree ; eggs, 5-6, dull greenground, occa.
ish.
COMMON
LOON:
31-36. Head, neck
back and wings with
streaked
white
;
GREAT
NORTHERN
DIVER.
White.
round,
back
white
numerous
ring of white spots
sides,black-streaked.
northern
water
all
;
and
spots
around
neck
wings, black;
;
throat,white; below, pure
species,breeding rarelyin territory,
though comparatively
common
by
with
; nest, on
Black
A
"
waved
white.
rear,
A
Whitish-gray.
age
neck, black, except white " bandthroat,nearlymeeting on hind-head
black;
; tail,
36. Head
rest
GOOSE
WILD
; eggs,
in Ad'r'ks
2,
; most
abundant
in winter
greenish, thicklyspotted.
; nest,
on
ground,
84
HOW
THE
NAME
TO
20".
HERRING
GULL.
White.
Pearly-blue
22-27.
Abundant
locally at
ground,
BIRDS
Tips of wings, black.
coca,
in
tree
largestrivers ; rarelyin Pa. ; in summer,
waters, particularly in Ad'r'ks ; nest,
spotted ; commonest
eggs, 3, greenish-gray,
and
along coast
large inland
;
on
gull.
209.
DUCK.
BUFFLE-HEAD
White.
Black, white
14-16. Head, large and puffy,iridescent with purple and
white on
side of face ; mucli
violet ; large white patch on
wings ; locallyabundant.
t t
Comprising those found regularlyand
coast, and
larger waters
descriptiott).
on
210.
of Fa.
uncommonly
not
and
N.
the
on
J. in winter
breviat
{ab-
GANNET.
COMMON
Goose-shaped; white, except black half of wings;
seldom on Jersey coast ; not in Pa
31.
.
211.
GREAT
31. Above, dark
BLACK-BACKED
slate ; below
^
GULL.
white
;
in N.
rare
J
.
;
not
in Pa.
212.
GLAUCOUS
Above, pale pearly-blue
N. J.
Pa. nor
30.
in
213.
18-20.
Black
band
;
GULL.
below^white
RING-BILLED
around
no
black
;
not
GULL.
bill,near
smaller.
gull (208),but noticeably
;
tip;
like
herring-
GROUP
WINTER
WATER
"
RED-THROATED
214.
85
BIRDS
DIVER.
and
neck, bhdsh-gray ; hind-neck^ white29. Head
streaked ; elsewhere^ above, black ; below, EXCEPT
nut
chest-
white;
THROAT,
and
rare
irregularin
Fa.
and
N.J.
FISH
MERGANSER:
215.
DUCK.
and
24. Head
and white
neck,lustrous-green
; back
below,pinkish-red; in AdWks
;
RED-BREASTED
216.
Head
and
neck,
and
in
wings,black
summer,
MERGANSER.
dark
back
and
lustrous-green
;
wings, black a?td white ; throat and breast,deep reddishbrown
below,pinkish-iuhite.
; elsewhere,
24.
217.
19. Prominent
parts, black
streaked ;
below,from
;
rare
Pure
white
;
SCOTER.
wing-patch, and
rare
BLACK
SCOTER.
in Pa,
SURF
DUCK.
throughout,except white
patch
on
forehead
hind-head,
221.
20.
summer.
eye.
black ;
23. Black
on
;
round, and upper
sides,finelydark-
black, except large white
220.
one
in
WHITE-WINGED
219.
and
all
neck, white
in AdWks
spot under
23. Pure
MERGANSER.
crest, head, neck
218.
24.
HOODED
Above, black
breast,black
;
GREATER
;
white
rest, white.
SCAUP
patch
on
DUCK.
wing
;
throat and
waiter
S6
HOW
TO
6.
Almost
identical
223.
BIRDS
DUCK.
SCAUP
the
with
LONG-TAILED
Head,
15-20.
THE
LESSER
222.
1
NAME
last,
DUCK:
neck,
SQUAW.
OLD
several
shoulders,
fore-back
size.
in
except
outer
y
tail-feathers,
above,
and
throat,
coast,
pure
having
and
the
conunercial
N,
f.,
Like
in
226.
^]4.
abruptly
Above,
into
black
white
brown
^^
great
;
in
not
below,
of
from
Pacific
N.
Pa.
GULL.
but
^ull,
;
^^
bird
egg
KITTIWAKE
herring
accidental
dark
neck,
value
225.
16-18.
GUILLEMOT.
entire
white;
els"where,
;
tail-feathers.
long
;
THICK-BILLED
Above,
white
abdoinen,
blackish
breast,
224.
16-19.
and
throat,
only
^
as
long
;
rare
Pa.
SEA-DOVE:
;
DOVEKIE.
throat
beneath
and
;
black,
breast,
straggler
in
Pa.
passing
in
GROUP
PERMANENT
NEUTRAL
PERMANENT
GROUP.
LAND
those
Comprising
may
and
to
greater
a
fall
in
though
BIRDS.
species which,
less
or
Showing
:
the
spring
represented,
Black, Yellow, Blue, nor
no
JAY:
WHISKEY
Leaden
No
on
JACK.
Gray.
dark
throughout, except gray
whitish-tippedwings and tail-feathers.
northern
edge ; non-migratory, and only casually
greens
rarely throughout ; nest, usuallyin ever-
above,
though observed
; eggs,
Red.
;
crest
collar,and
Resident
southward,
with
individuals
LIST.
CANADA
22T.
face and
the
migrations, remain
permanently
varying numbers, throughout the year.
227-230
lo-ii.
while
fluctuate
extent
NEUTRAL
Nos.
87
LIST
variable
3-4,
22s.
in
ground-tintsand spots.
WAXWING.
CEDAR-BIRD:
Creamy-brown.
6-7. Crested
;
for black
229.
Reddish-brown
S^-^/4'
dark ;
see
Streaks
239.
and
SONG
yellow markings, see
SPARROW.
black-streaked
and
255.
blotch
Whitish, streaked.
sometimes
appear
only
S8
230.
See
*
256.
231-242
Nos.
Lighter.
Flaxen-brown
LIST.
BLACK
^ Nos.
BIRDS
GOLDFINCH.
AMERICAN
(Winter)
4X.
THE
NAME
TO
HOW
:
231-238
black
yellowNOR
throughout,or with
Shoxving black,but
:
Black
no
red.
conspicuous
head-markings.
231.
RAVEN.
AMERICAN
Black.
24.
Iridescent.
Extremely rare, along coast, throughout Ad'r'ks, and in Pa. and
of Mississippi;
N. J. ; mostly confined
to extreme
north, and west
or
on
nest, high in tree
cliff;eggs, 4-8, greenish,variously tinted
and
speckled.
CROW.
232.
Black.
20.
Iridescent.
Nest, bulky, in
and
tree ; eggs,
April or earlyMay, 4-6,variable
in tint
marking.
233.
BLACK-BACKED,
Black, white
8-9. Yellovi^ crown-spot
234.
WHITE-BACKED,
may
crown-spot
White.
escape
notice ;
may
see
253.
WOODPECKER.
THREE-TOED
Black, white
8-9. Yellow
WOODPECKER.
THREE-TOED
White.
escape
notice
;
see
254.
HOW
90
NAME
TO
THE
BIRDS
throat,black collar entirelyround
neck, breast
otherwise
gray.
in winter ; nest, in tree
Rarer
commonly
and
tinted
of
last
variously
May, 4-5,
eggs,
like a hawk.
evergreen
"
ENGLISH
240.
Reddish-brown,
border
6. Chestnut
to
5^-6"^.
whitish
;
blackish blotch
SOUG
line
250.
see
;
SPARROW.
Whitish, streaked.
and
superciliaryline,
sides, dark-streaked, with conspicuous
and
middle
on
;
much
Black, ashy.
black-streaked
Median
breast
crown
bush
SPARROW.
black-streaked
241.
Reddish-brown,
spotted ;
or
"
screams
on
crown,
of breast.
far north
Mass., casually
as
as
throughout, and winters
winter
in
in
Pa.
low
in bush
or
sings
ground
; nest, on
;
in
color
earliest
May ist, 4-5, vary greatly
general songster in
;
Breeds
farther ;
eggs,
spring.
242.
Winter
AMERICAN
GOLDFINCH.
Lighter.
Flaxen-brown
plumage (Oct.-Apr.),
tail,blackish ; whitish
4|^. No black crown
; wings and
olivewing-bars; ? all the year like winter 6 but more
yellow above, and dingy-yellow below ; wings and tail,
256.
dark, whitish-marked
; for details,see
,
H 51 Nos.
,
243-250:
Showing
243.
Black
15-19.
throughout, except
Crested
long stripeon
wings, white ;
scarlet
on
PILEATED
; crest
side
$
and
of head
has
crest
black
AND
RED,
but
no
yellow.
WOODPECKER.
white
and
scarlet markings.
cheek-spots,scarlet; throat,
and
neck, with
large
only slightlyscarlet,
check.
Throughout,
but
more
northerly,and only
in
deep woods.
area
and
on
no
PERMANENT
BLACK
GROUP
LIST
9
FLICKER.
244.
Cinnamon, black,whitish, spotted.
Olive-brown
i2]4.Above,
scarlet crescent
black-barred;
on
nape
;
black
crescent
breast
on
WOODPECKER.
Whitish,
Scarlet,black,white
reddish.
eye ; sides of head, whitish ; entire
scarlet ; otherwise, above, finelybanded
9/^-io.Red
nape,
black and white
? has
only
nape
below, whitish,reddening
;
;
252.
see
RED-BELLiED
245.
and
1
crown
with
abdomen
on
;
scarlet.
Southerly; casuallyin Conn,
and
northward
;
winter
rare
bird
in
N.J.
246.
WOODPECKER.
RED-HEADED
Crimson, blue-black,white.
9"^. Whole head and neck, crimson ; back (except white
rump),wings (exceptlargewhite area),and tail,rich black ;
rest, above and below, with aforesaid wing-area,white.
Seldom
north of Mass.
hole ; eggs, 4-6, white.
247.
; not
HAIRY
found
in N.
J.in
; nest, in tree-
winter
WOODPECKER.
Black, white
White.
9-9)^.Head, black, with white stripes; scarlet
tail,black and white ; 9
nape ; back, wings, and
band
on
without
,
scarlet band.
Breeds
in
of Mass.; more
also found
in N.
north
Pa.,
in winter
abundant
J.
; nest
and
eggs,
as
"
;
ful"
quite plenti-
in other
peckers.
wood-
HOW
92
TO
DOWNY
248.
BIRDS
THE
NAME
WOODPECKER.
Black, white
White.
6-7. Identical with ''hairy" (exceptslightdifference
but smaller.
tail-markings),
More
southerly range
as
well
woods
as
May, 4-6, white
sharp, rich
;
Dark
}4'
Crested
"hairy,'' and
nest,
;
249.
6-6
than
in
TUFTED
latter
chards
or-
part of
TITMOUSE.
Whitish,
black
; eggs,
in
note.
ashy
;
hole
abundant;
more
of tree
in
spot
chestnut.
forehead
on
;
below, whitish
;
sides,chestnut.
North,
to S. E.
N. Y. ; nest, in hole
250.
6-8,white,spotted.
; eggs,
SPARROW.
ENGLISH
Reddish-brown,black-streaked
Black, ashy.
6.
Forehead, lores, and throat, black; crown
ash, former bordered
by chestnut; spot behind
of neck, chestnut, bordered
on
neck
with
white
and
ear
;
rump,
and part
prominent
wing-bars.
Nest, early and
late,simple ;
eggs,
4-5 ;
an
imported European
nuisance.
YELLOW
Showing
251.
Winter
Yellow, but
AMERICAN
see
no
Black.
GOLDFINCH.
plumage (Oct.-Apr.), Flaxen-brown
4^. Fore-part,all round,
;
LIST.
256.
often
Lighter.
distinctly
low
tingedwith yel-
PERMANENT
AND
BLACK
252-257
Nos.
BLACK
GROUP
Olive-brown
Black
both
GOLDEN-WINGED
252.
and
nape
white
rump,
;
spots ; throat and
Less
eggs,
and
Yellow.
FLICKER.
black-barred
; scarlet
tail,blackish
above
below, black
breast,cinnamon, with
;
wings
maxillary
cent
cres-
spotted.
; nest, in tree-hole
;
WOODPECKER.
THREE-TOED
Black, white
cent
cres-
;
black
parts, white, tinged and
north
in winter, particularly
May, 6-7, pure white.
BLACK-BACKED,
253.
;
beneath
upper
latter ; other under
abundant
middle
of
93
Cinnamon, black, whitish, spotted.
tail,brightyellow
oxv
LIST
LIST.
WOODPECKER:
12^. Above, umber-brown,
on
YELLOW
YELLOW
Showing
:
AND
White.
8-9. Crown-spot,yellow;sides of head, black-and-whitestriped; back, black ; wings and tail,black and white
without
below, white ; sides, black-barred
; ?
yellow on
;
,
crown.
north
Breeds
Conn.,
not
of
in Pa.
in Ad'r'ks ; in winter
rarely to
in
J. ; nest, chiefly
evergreens;
eggs, pure
Mass.,
or
N.
common
white.
WHITE-BACKED,
254.
8-9. Like preceding,but
interruptedwith black.
Breeds
rarer
northern
on
; nest
and
eggs,
with
; more
CEDAR-BIRD
255.
white
northern
in "black-backed."
edge
as
WOODPECKER.
THREE-TOED
:
line down
than
"
the
back,
"
black-backed,and
WAXWING.
Creamy-brown.
d-"]. Crested
black
; red
;
spots,
eye-stripe,and chin,
on
sealing-wax,often seen
wings,
forehead,
as
of
broad
HOW
94
and
yellowish ;
Breeds
of grass,
tail ;
on
occa.
under
BIRDS
yellow or
tail-coverts,white.
etc., in
in
winter
as
far north
Mass.; nest,
as
bark, roots,
ground; eggs, late
early July, 3-6, pale blue, black-spotted ; no song, only a
tree
or
bush,
near
whistle."
AMERICAN
256.
Summer
Winter
4.){ In
.
and
GOLDFINCH.
plumage (Apr.-Oct.),
Black, yellow
plumage (Oct.-Apr.),Flaxen-brown
Yellow.
Lighter.
throughout,brightyellow ;
summer,
tail,black
wings
THE
tail,yellow-tipped; abdomen,
throughout, remains
June or
"wheezy
and
NAME
TO
tail,blackish
;
wings,
crown,
white.
In
tail-spots,
; wing-bars and
fore-partof body
often
winter,
with
lowish
yel-
suffusion.
Common
throughout, the
round
year
; in
winter,
in
large flocks ;
ground; eggs, earlyJune,
flighton wing, and querulous or
nest, artistic,deeply cupped, 6-30 ft. from
4-6, bluish-white,unmarked
sad
note
in the
; wavy
song.
^
257.
EUROPEAN
GOLDFINCH.
Light
Black, brown, yellow
\%.
Entire
brown.
and
ckm^ scarlet; crown, black;
side of face,white, bordered
behind
by black stripe; back,
soft brown
; wings, black, with large yellow area
; tail,
black, white-spotted; below, white, irregularly
shaded with
front face
soft brown.
Introduced,local,rare.
BLUE
Showing
25".
Dark
6-6^.
Crested
OR
RED
neither
Black
TUFTED
ashy
; chestnut
LIST.
nor
Yellow.
TITMOUSE.
Whitish,
sides ;
chestnut.
see
249o
PERMANENT
GROUP
GAME
GAME
"
BIRDS
95
BIRDS.
259-263.
Nos.
GROUSE:
RUFFED
259.
Reddish-brown, spotted
18.
dark
PARTRIDGE.
brown-barred.
Tawny,
crown-featliers, black-marked
Erectile
ruflf-feathers
with
rounded, gray,
each
on
side
broad
of
black
finelyvermiculated
with
neck
band
prominent
tail,large and
where
tip,and else;
;
near
black.
woods
Throughout ; nest, on ground in swampy
; eggs, late in May,
remarkable
for
or
plain
spotted
8-15, buff,
drumming."
;
"
PINNATED
260.
with
Barred
16-18.
Crested;
neck, which
below
which
the
tail,very short
Very
;
ground
261.
HEN.
skin
long feathers
into
the
each
on
form
of
is sometimes
a
side of
little wing,
greatlyinflated
States,but said to be stillfound in Martha's
and locallyin N. Y., N.
J.,and Pa. ; nest,
unmarked.
or
speckled
eggs, pale greenish-gray,
;
Island,
CANADA
GROUSE:
Black, gray-waved
16. Narrow
SPRUCE
PARTRIDGE.
Black, white-barred,and spotted.
stripeover
eye,
yellowor red ; broad, rounded
orange-brown ; legs,feathered
tail,black, with broad tipof
to toes;
?,with much
variegation of white, brown, and
tawny ; tail,obscurelyorange-tipped.
Only
in
damp
on
;
legs,feathered.
in Eastern
rare
Vineyard,Long
on
spread
bare
PRAIRIE
black,white, and tawny.
tuft of
a
be
can
GROUSE:
northern
places ;
edge
eggs,
in Ad'r'ks
; locallycommon
late in
May,
12
or
more,
;
nest,
on
variegated.
ground,
96
HOW
262.
TO
NAME
""BOB-WHITE:"
THE
VIRGINIA
Variegation of brown, tawny,
BIRDS
PARTRIDGE:
etc.
gray,
QUAIL.
Brownish
and
tawny, black-waved.
9.
has
erectile ; forehead,superCrown-feathers,somewhat
ciliary
and
and
all
black-bordered
throat,
line,
white,
; $
tints duller, and throat buff.
to Mass.
Throughout northward
ground ; eggs, late in
; nest, on
May, quite numerous,
white; identified hy notes resembling "bob-
white."
Found
263.
fields.
in open
BLACK
DUCK:
DUSKY
Blackish,feathers
DUCK
(WATER-FOWL)
edged with
violet
Bill,greenish-yellow;
bordered
; legs,red.
24.
rusty-brown.
patch
wing, black-
on
Breeds
throughout, but rarely in Pa., where it is chieflymigrant,
N. J.,where
it is common
in winter
and large
coast
on
rivers ; frequents ponds ; nest, on
in
tree-hole
ground, occa.
;
of the largest
May and June, 6-10, creamy
or
eggs.
pale buff; one
fresh-water ducks, and fine eating.
and
locallyin
The
Following
Summer
Permanent
173.
15.
108.
Yellow-bellied
Great
Wren
6;^-; ;
56.
Mourning
Dove;
58.
Cardinal
Grosbeak
87.
Meadow
67.
Robin
Lark
; 9-10
Pa.
in
;
; N.
;
12
;
8^
10;^ ;
J.
Pa. and
N.
N.
; S. Pa.
Pa. and
; not
Pa.,
rare.
J.
N. J.
Pa. and
;
J.
8^;
;
5"^-6 ;
Pa. and
Birds
N.
or
Woodpecker
Carolina
Bluebird;
Migrant
and
uncommon
N.
J.,locally.
and N. J.
J.
in Pa.
are
98
HOW
TO
NAME
WILD
26".
Iridescent
BIRDS
THE
TURKEY.
copper-bronze.
36-48. Bare skin of head and neck, blue ; excrescences,
tail-coverts, chestnut; tail, brown,
purplish-red; upper
bristles hanging from
black-barred
; long tuft of blackish
middle
of breast ; legs, red ; general plumage, copperbronze, each feather black-tipped; ? smaller and duller.
,
Pet
"
wooded
and
in many
disthinlypopulated tricts
.iianent,but rare,
in
N.
Y.
in
and
of Pa., possibly
N. J. ;
(?); extirpated N, E.
''
nest,
ground
on
much
; eggs,
like those
of
domestic
turkey, but
a
tle
lit-
smaller.
BEWICK'S
269.
rufous-brown
Dark
in Pa.
Ashy-white.
grayish; flanks,brown.
^%. Rump,
Only
WREN.
and
rarely in N. J. ; a summer
sparsely speckled
very
of tree, etc. ; eggs, 7-9, white,
top of head,
and
patches on
neck, black; long superciliary
line,from
from
eye
;
to
white
nape,
;
throat, rich
under-parts,white
other
singer.
Yellow, white.
Ashy-gray
5. Whole
; nest, in hole
WARBLER.
YELLOW-THROATED
270.
bird
; fine
;
1
side of head
bill
and
eye, yellow,
dered
yellow, black-borto
sides, strongly black-
streaked.
Only in Pa. and
S. N.
271.
4"^. Coloring of
J.; a
summer
bird ;
rare
;
CHICKADEE.
CAROLINA
chickadee
common
(238),
smaller.
Only
in S. Pa.
(summer)
and
nesting,unknown.
N.
J. (permanent).
but
much
BIRDS
SPECIAL
OF
N.
BROWN-HEADED
272.
Top
white
of
head,
on
nape.
spot
down
to
NELSON'S
than
Smaller
"
coloring,except
sharplydefined."
A western
A
migrant
rare
N.
on
SHARP-TAILED
within
AND
301.
Screech
195.
Pine
61.
Scarlet
tail.
territory
only
BIRDS.
^
even
prevailingtitit,
wijigsand tail black.
Cardinal
ish-gray."
green-
frojn dark chestnut to scarlet. The
precedes its lengthfollows^its name.
the
58.
WATER
paler
shade
number
proper
LAND
more
FINCH.
''
OF
same
J. coast.
coloringof sharp-tailedfinch (7), but
conspicuouslystreaked beneath with pale
LIST
Red
with
and
a
ACADIAN
hicluding every
*
Pa. ; hub-
sharp-tailedfinch (7), but with
colors are brighter,and markings
subspecies, ranging along the coast;
J. coast, where it is a regular migrant.
s
;
FINCH.
and
RED
bird
dark-bordered
stragglerto S.
rare
new
N.
on
brown,
eyes,
SHARP-TAILED
species, but
274.
less
99
nuthatches.
273.
and
J.
Whitish,
Rarely breeding only in S. N. J. and
its of other
Size
N.
NUTHATCH.
Ashy-blue
4.
AND
Y., PA.,
Owl
;
Grosbeak;
not
throughout
^
or
8-10; in the "red
phase."
ish.
8-9; carmine; wings and tail,black-
Grosbeak
Tanager
when
%]A,\cardinal-red.
wings
7^ ; scarlet,except jet-black
;
;
HOW
lOO
114.
Summer
152.
Fox
NAME
TO
Tanager
BIRDS
vermilion.
7"^-8 ;
;
Sparrow;
THE
reddish-tawny,or
7;
white, spotted.
115.
Purple
196.
Common
"rusty;"
breast,
,
Finch
6; crimson,
;
6;
Crossbill;
anteriorly,
more
brick-red; wings and
tail,
blackish.
197.
6;
Crossbill;
White-winged
brick-red; wings and
tail,blackish.
*
*
Red
47.
only on
crown,
; 8 ; flame-colored
King-bird
198.
Tree
250.
English
Sparrow
Swamp
69.
Chipping
41.
Oven-bird
165.
Sparrow
6
;
;
bright chestnut.
5^;
buff-orangestripe.
;
Warbler
Red-poll
Nashville
202.
brightchestnut.
; 6 ; brightchestnut.
5j^-6; bright chestnut.
Sparrow;
Yellow
76.
; 6 ;
Sparrow
68.
spot, obscure.
Warbler
;
Golden-crowned
;
4^-5
;
5 ; bright chestnut.
chestnut, obscure.
4-4^;
Kinglet;
scarlet
centre
yellow spot.
177.
Ruby-crowned
Red
only on
252.
Flicker
247.
Hairy
248.
Downy
*
*
*
*
Kinglet;
Red
;
4-4^
; entire
spot scarlet.
nape.
; scarlet
12^
Woodpecker
9-9^
;
Woodpecker
band.
;
6-7
; scarlet
; scarlet
band.
band.
07ilybelow,wholly or chiefly.
215.
Merganser;
216.
Red-breasted
Merganser
137.
Summer
;
121.
King
Duck
Rail;
pinkish-red.
24;
; 24 ;
19 ; chestnut.
17-19;
cinnamon-red.
deep reddish-brown.
of
LIST
RED
Pigeon
162.
Wild
146.
Roseate
56.
57.
Robin
108.
Bluebird;
199.
Red-breasted
brightchestnut.
;
8-10; cinnamon-red.
;
chestnut.
6^-7;
Nuthatch
Miscellaneous
to order
lOI
purplish-red.
12;
;
Rail
Virginia
BIRDS
purplish-red.
12-16; rosy-tinted.
;
Dove
123.
WATER
i6 ;
;
; 9-10
AND
LAND
Tern
Mourning
*****
OF
reddish-brown.
4)^-5 ;
;
ing
arranged approximately accorddetails.
of descriptive
246.
Red-headed
283.
Turkey
144.
Arctic
Tern;
145.
Common
Tern
126.
Florida
268.
Wild
257.
European
261.
Canada
243.
Pileated
245.
Red-bellied
;
Woodpecker
Buzzard
; 24 ; red
; head
9^
;
and
neck,
let.
scar-
head.
long bill,red.
13-16 ; long bill and feet,red.
14-17;
;
Gallinule
Turkey
36-48;
,
Goldfinch
plate,red.
purplish-red.
excrescences,
4^ ; front face,red.
line,red or yellow.
superciliary
;
16 ;
Grouse;
bill and
12-14;
;
Woodpecker
Woodpecker;
and
crest
15-19;
;
cheek,
let.
scar-
crown
and
nape,
; crown
and
throat,
9j^ ;
scarlet.
173.
Yellow-bellied
W^oodpecker
8 j^
;
scarlet.
170.
Cape
May
orange -brown.
204. Red-poll
Warbler;
Linnet;
5-5)^ ;
5^;
side of
head, reddish
carmine
crown,
;
rump
or
and
breast, rosy.
205.
American
Mealy
Red-poll;
5J^ ;
crown,
carmine;
breast,rosy.
109.
Barn
Swallow
112.
Cliff
Swallow;
;
6-7 ;
forehead
5-5^;
and
breast,chestnut.
side of head, rump,
and throat,
chestnut.
164.
Bay-breasted
breast, chestnut.
Warbler;
5^;
crown,
throat, and
TO
HOW
102
130.
Least
Bittern
136.
Green
Herox
92.
Prairie
88.
Baltimore
62.
Orchard
65.
Red-winged
Oriole
255.
Cedar-bird
279.
Red-tailed
63.
Redstart;
66.
Cat-bird;
red
6-7;
Hawk
;
;
20
spots
22
;
lo-ii
;
9
;
5^;
and
S)4
;
reddish.
chestnut.
chestnut.
tail, chestnut.
and
sides
of
breast,
ange.
or-
chestnut-red.
under
7-8;
chestnut.
wings.
tail-coverts,
;
orange.
scarlet.
tail, bright
;
under
Waxwing
breast,
shoulder,
tail, wing-patch,
8^-9;
brick-red.
tail, bright
;
reddish,
breast,
shoulder,
on
Flycatcher
Crested
back,
lower
;
dark
below,
of
and
;
chestnut.
rump
;
rump
;
Buzzard
BoHExMiAN
200.
j^-8
Hawk
;
Sparrow
Great
7
and
middle
;
Blackbird
Red-shouldered
78.
7
;
;
neck
4)^
;
BIRDS
hind-neck,
16-18;
;
Oriole
THE
11-14;
;
Warbler
285.
291.
NAME
tail-coverts,
chestnut-
red.
118.
Ruby-throated
214.
Red-throated
59.
Humming-bird
Diver
29
;
Grosbeak
Rose-breasted
3^4^;
;
;
ruby.
chestnut.
throat,
8-8^
;
throat,
;
upper
breast,
mine.
car-
"
97.
Blackburnian
Chestnut-sided
101.
of
Warbler
;
Warbler
4^
;
,-
5"^
breast,
;
orange.
chestnut
breast.
67.
Chewink;
249.
Tufted
263.
Black
8-81^
;
Titmouse
Duck;
sides,
;
24;
chestnut.
6-6^
legs,
;
red.
sides,
chestnut.
stripe
on
side
j
BIRDS
PREY
OF
BIRDS
EAGLES
OF
1
03
PREY.
hawks
(and allies),and owls;
comprise eagles,,
former
the two
diurnal, the last nocturnal, in habits.
at
are
once
recognized by their great
Eagles and hawks
of
size, generally neutral
coloring, frequent alternation
and erect attitude in perching.
flappingand sailingin flight,
much
screams
They are generally silent,their occasional
resembling that of the blue jay. The peculiarphysiognomy
of owls instantlyidentifies the class.
Birds of prey are
ranked
as
non-migratory,though in several species this is
northward
and southward
not
strictly
true, their movements
being probably induced
by the varying conditions of foodsupply. As a rule they are not gregarious. It has recently
been proved that this despised group
of birds are, almost
without exception,far more
beneficial than hurtful in nature's
their food being largelysuch animals
as
are
economy,
These
noxious
to
the farmer.
EAGLES.
275.
EAGLE.
BALD
Dark
brown.
36. Heady neck, mid tail,white after 3d year, until then
whiteuniformly colored ; ist year, very dark, somewhat
after !
spotted ; 2d year, gray, and largerthan ever
Throughout, permanent,
nest, on
fish.
tree
or
crag;
eggs,
and
along large inland waters
whitish, unspotted; feeds chieflyon
coast
on
2,
;
NAME
TO
HOW
104
GOLDEN
276.
Dark
36.
to
THE
BIRDS
EAGLE.
brown.
head, and neck, golden-brown ; legs,feathered
birds,tail white,with broad black tip.
young
Part of
; in
toes
and
throughout,but nesting rather northerly,
Irregularly
regions
in winter
; occasionally,
only, in Pa
and
in
'
huge,
on
crag,
rarelyin tree
; eggs.
HAWKS
tainous
moun-
nes^
N
'
'
white, spotted
2-4,
(and ALLIES).
sJww
(Nos. 277-281
277.
conspicuouswhite.)
OSPREY:
Dark
FISH
brown
HAWK.
White.
and
neck, white,with broad black stripefrom
eye to neck ; crown, black-streaked ; below, white,slightly
dark-spotted- tail
brown-tinged,and breast somewhat
Head
24.
'
barred.
Breeds
tliroughout; found
nest, bulky,
ble ; sometimes
278.
in
tree,
on
rock
gregarious
or
brown
coast, and
ground
at
;
eggs.
^^
'
'
large inland
waters
"
colorvaria
Maf^-^
3' "^"^^^
'^^'
^^"^-
'
; fish diet.
ROUGH-LEGGED
Variegationof
on
and
HAWK:
white
|
HAWK.
BLACK
White, brown-marked.
low,
hnX basal half p^ire white ; beTail, black-barred,
white,variouslydark-marked,often with wide brown
I
abdomen
across
; legs,feathered to toes.
24.
band
marshy p,aces.
'^^"7ii:tt::^lS:S^^\
"es.,o"
.re.
or
Io6
HOW
TO
NAME
CARRION
284.
THE
CROW
BIRDS
BLACK
:
VULTURE.
Blackish.
Bill,yellowish; head, dark, with
24.
;
A
even
few
a
tail,square.
southern
to Me.
;
2S5.
species, regularly north only
records
in N. J. ; chieflya
no
HAWK:
HEN
Reddish-brown
to
N.
C.
RED-SHOULDERED
Lighter,dark-streaked
and
throughout; nest, high in tree;
quite abundant.
Permanent
;
286.
COOPER'S
Dark
dark-barred
lighter,
Apr.
or
287.
tail,blackish,
DUCK
rare
;
tail,
FALCON.
PEREGRINE
HAWK:
Buff-white, spotted.
ash
throat, pure
barred with dark and light; large black
breast spotted,sides barred, with black.
Pa. ;
HAWK.
CHICKEN
pure white ; wings,dark-barred
and white-tipped.
whitish
18. Forehead,
spotted ;
Apr., 2-4, color
eggs,
in winter; nest, in high tree;
throughout, but rarer
May, 3-5, white or tinted, obscurely marked.
Dark
Breeds
white-barred.
White, brownish-barred.
brown
18. Throat, almost
Permanent
HAWK:
straggling
BUZZARD.
Shoulders^ orange-brown ; wings and
and white-tipped.
narrowly white-barred
variable
but
,
coast-bird.
20.
eggs,
ers
bristlyfeath-
throughout ;
; nest,
attacks
on
a
tree
;
mountainous
or
large game,
white
patch
species ;
ground
;
such
ducks, hares,
as
eggs,
;
3-4,
tail,finely
on
cheek
;
irreg. in
whitish, variously
winters
etc.
(AND ALLIES)
HAWKS
"
BROAD-WINGED
2"".
Dark
18.
PREY
OF
BIRDS
HAWK:
barred
White,
brown
Tail, barred,
tipped with
and
I07
BUZZARD.
and
streaked.
white
; dark
patch on
side of throat.
each
throughout,
Permanent
but
northerlyin
rarer
winter
; nest, in tree
;
dark-spotted.
eggs, 3-5, yellowish-white,
Dark
HAWK.
PIGEON
2"9.
Fulvous, dark-spotted.
ashy-blue
with black and
Wings, white-spotted; tail,banded
whitish, and white-tipped; throat, whitish ; breast, buffy,
and brown-spotted ; ? above, ashy-brown ; tail,banded
obscurelywith whitish.
13.
,
Breeds
from
northern
; nest, in tree-hole
290.
Dark
12.
Throat,
edge down
or
brown
; eggs,
almost
White,
pure
and
and
Mass.,
SHARP-SHINNED
dark-banded
lighter,
Permanent
to
branch
on
4-5,
in winter
out
throughvariouslycolored.
HAWK.
brownish-barred.
wings,dark-barred
white-tipped.
white
;
;
tail,
in N. E. in winter, and in Pa. in
rare
in
tree
or
on
rock;
nest,
summer;
eggs, May or June, 4-5, variable
in color ; especially
valiant and impetuous.
throughout, but
291.
Cinnamon-brown
SPARROW
HAWK.
Buff,slightlyspotted.
Crown, ashy-blue,with chestnut spot varying in
black-barred
and white-tipped
tail,brightchestjiiit,
j
feathers,mostly white, and black-barred
; throat and
lo-ii.
size
outer
rear,
:
white
;
breast, buffy,sparselyor
has breast
thicklydark-streaked.
Abundant
much
varied
throughout ; nest, in
in color ; the smallest
not
tree-hole,
at all spotted ; ?
etc.
; eggs,
hawk, and handsome.
May, 5-7,
Io8
HOW
TO
NAME
THE
BIRDS
OWLS.
GREAT
292.
Ashy-brown,
**
GRAY
OWL.
"
waved
streaked.
and
Plumage, "waved"
above, streaked
lightand dark ringson face.
24-30.
An
in
Arctic
at least in
species,permanent,
winter,rarelysouthward
Pa. and
to
N.
below
Ad'r'ks, though
J. ;
nest, in tree
centric
; con-
rare,
and,
; eggs,
3-
4, white.
293.
White,
An
on
Arctic
ground
that nest
contain
may
fresh eggs
Prominent
Throughout
Mar.
rather
nest
; no
; said
295.
to be
as
Dark
above, but
Throughout;
nest,
quiet colors.
several
rather
lighter;
variable.
; eggs,
3-6, whitish,laid
laid sometimes
in
OWL:
barred
with
in
in
Jan. in
HOOT
lightconcentric
lighter.
coarse,
OWL.
ear-tufts ; below,
BARRED
and
birds.
young
HORNED
with
Ashy-brown,
18-20.
and
GREAT
dark
general plumage
or
feet,whitest.
species,but frequent throughovitin winter ; nest, usually
5-10, laid at irregularintervals,as in other owls,so
Finely mottled
Feb.
dark-spotted.
; eggs,
294.
24.
OWL.
somewhat
Face, throat,and
24.
SNOWY
tree-hole,etc.
,
in
Pa.
OWL.
whitish.
rings around
tree-hole; eggs,
eye
low
; be-
Apr., 3-4, white.
BIRDS
OF
296.
PREY
OWLS
"
BARN
1
09
OWL.
Whitish-tawny, black-speckled.
eye), bordered with
dark ; wings and
tail, brown-barred
; below, lighter,
sparselydark-spotted.
16-17. Face, lighter(dark
Southerly ; north to Mass.
; in Pa.
3-6, yellowish-white
tree, etc. ; eggs,
; nest, in barn, tower,
found
sometimes
latter
nest
part of Feb.
HAWK
297.
around
OWL:
DAY
Brown
brown, white-speckled
Dark
16. Face, whitish, bordered
;
below
streaked),closelybarred
with
whitish-barred
An Arctic
E. very
diurnal
most
N.
,
rare
N.
and
and
white, barred.
blackish
;
(except throat,
brownish
and
; in
J. ; nest, in tree
rowly
tail,nar-
which
is
white.
winter, throughout
4-6, whitish
; eggs,
;
of owls.
LONG-EARED
29".
Variegationof
14-16. Prominent
Throughout,
or
with
species,possiblybreeding in Me
in Pa.
OWL.
in deserted
ear-tufts ;
and
dark
brown.
face,tawny, dark-bordered.
gregarious ; nest, in tree-hole,on
of Apr., 3-6, white.
eggs, middle
ground,
common,
nest
299.
fulvous
OWL.
;
SHORT-EARED
Variegationof
14^. Face,
whitish
fulvous
; black
and
around
Throughout, often in marshes
; nest,
Apr. 4-7, white ; occa.
flyingby day.
OWL.
MARSH
OWL:
on
dark
brown.
eye.
ground;
eggs,
middle
of
,
300.
RICHARDSON'S
Chocolate-brown,white-spotted
10-12.
An
Arctic
2-6, white.
OWL.
White, dark-spotted.
Face, white, dark-bordered.
species,rarely in N.
E. in winter
;
nest, in
tree
; eggs,
HOW
no
SCREECH
301.
NAME
TO
sized
"great
OR
with
dappled
ear-tufts,
Prominent
RED
various
OWL.
tints.
variable
plumage
plumage
another
horned;"
BIRDS
MOTTLED
OWL:
Brownish-gray,
8-IO.
THE
a
;
has
a
smalldish
red-
very
cast.
rather
Throughout,
abundant
302.
in
coarse,
tree
7-8.
Face,
Throughout,
Apr.,
4-6,
;
Apr.,
eggs,
the
dark-spotted.
dark-bordered.
whitish,
;
OWL.
White,
white-spotted
quite
white
ACADIAN
OWL:
SAW-WHET
Chocolate-brown,
scream.
nest,
;
white.
4-6,
rare
in
smallest
Pa.
and
of
N.
the
J.
owls
nest,
;
;
name,
in
tree-hole
from
;
its
eggs,
peculiar
INDEX
{Figuresreferto
LAND
Bee-martin,
Creeper, Black-and-white, 43
Crow,
Bronzed
Brown, 184
156
White-winged,
31
Crow,
Red-winged, 65
Bob-
49
Bunting, Black-throated, 99
Snow, 190
Towhee, 67
Dove,
Mourning,
56
187
Butcher-bird,
Buzzard,
232
Fish,30
45
Cuckoo, Black-billed,
98
Yellow-billed,
White, 262
Bobolink,
197
Carrion, 284
Common,
108
Bluebird,
196
Crossbill, Common,
32
Crow,
proper mimber.)
BIRDS
47
Blackbird,
Cow,
the bird''s
288
Eagle,
Red-shouldered,
285
Bald,
275
Golden, 276
Red-tailed, 279
Turkey, 283
Finch,
58
Cardinal-bird,
Nelson's
255
Purple, 115
Sea-side, 79
238
Carolina,
Flicker,252
271
Hudsonian,
Flycatcher,Acadian,
193
Great
Chipper, Arctic, 198
Cow-bird,
273
Sharp-tailed,
Pine, 185
Chat, Yellow-breasted, 93
Chewink, 67
Chickadee,
Sharp-tailed,274
Acadian
Grass, 6
Cat-bird, 66
Cedar-bird,
287
Peregrine,
Falcon,
Crested, 78
Least, 26
32
III
24
INDEX
112
Flycatcher,Olive-sided,
Traill's,
25
Indigo-bird,
21
Jay, Blue,
Yellow-bellied, 80
39
239
Canada,
Blue-gray,
Gnat-catcher,
Goldfinch, American,
242,
44
256
European, 257
Grackle,
King-bird, 47
Kingfisher, Belted,
Ruby-crowned,
Bronzed,
Purple,
Rusty,
Grosbeak,
107
Kinglet,Golden-crowned,202
282
Goshawk,
227
177
156
Lark,
31
157
182
Brown,
Meadow,
Blue, 38
Shore
Cardinal, 58
87
(Horned),
Shore, 266
Western
Evening, 267
201
Linnet, Pine, 185
Pine, 195
Red-poll, 204
Rose-breasted, 59
Grouse, Canada, 261
Longspur, Lapland,
192
Pinnated, 260
Martin,
Purple,
Ruffed, 259
Maryland
Yellow-throat,96
Mocking-bird,36
Gyrfalcon,281
Night
Hair-bird,
33
69
Hawk,
Nuthatch,
Broad-winged, 288
Chicken
(Cooper's),286
Hawk,
Canada
13
Brown-headed,
(Red breasted),
White-breasted,
237
Duck, 287
Fish, 277
Hen,
279,
Marsh,
Oriole, Baltimore,
Orchard, 62
Osprey, 277
285
280
Partridge,282
Oven-bird, 41
Pigeon, 289
Owl, Barn, 296
Red-shouldered, 285
Hen,
Barred, 295
Gray,
Red-tailed, 279
Great
Rough-legged (Black),278
Great
Horned,
Sharp-shinned,
Sparrow, 291
Hawk
(Day),
Hoot,
29s
290
Prairie,260
Humming
118
bird. Ruby
292
294
297
Long-eared, 298
throated,
Marsh,
272
299
Richardson's, 300
88
199
INDEX
114
Yellow,
and
Black
Tennessee,
171
Black-poll, 160
Blue,
Black-throated
161
Green,
Black-throated
102
97
Golden-winged,
blue
Yellow-backed,
104
'jj
Blue-winged Yellow, 95
Flycatching,89
May,
Cape
Chestnut-sided,
270
Wagtail,
Waxwing,
5
255
Bohemian,
200
Whippoorwill,
12
Black
Woodpecker,
Three-toed,
C53
Golden-winged,
Pileated,243
Kentucky,
94
Red-bellied, 245
Magnolia,
171
Red-headed,
Yellow-throated,96
Mourning,
Myrtle,
Wren,
Carolina,
Long-billed Marsh,
16
Marsh,
17
Short-billed
WATER
American,
BIRDS
Duck,
129
Bufifle-head,209
130
American,
(Dusky), 263
Black
Greater
Coot,
186
Winter,
Prairie, 92
Lesser
127
Scaup, 221
Scaup, 222
Long-tailed,223
Diver,
Dovekie,
REn-THROATED,
226
15
18
House,
77
173
Bewick's, 269
Great
153
Pine, 73
Least,
Three
backed.
-
Yellow-bellied,
175
165
Bittern,
246
254
Orange-crowned,
Parula,
White
169
Nashville, 76
Palm,
252
Hairy, 247
168
90
Maryland
backed,
-
248
Downy,
101
Coerulean, 55
Hooded,
175
Yellow-throated,
170
Connecticut,
154
Yellow-rumped,
Water
Blue
Canadian
^^
Worm-eating, 42
Yellow
Red-poll, 165
172
Blackburnian,
74
White-throated, 103
Flycatching,
Black-capped
Yellow,
Summer
Bay-breasted,164
Warbler,
Prothonotary,
Warbler,
182
Wagtail,
214
Summer,
Surf,
220
137
-toed,
INDEX
Great
Egret,
Small
White,
White,
132
115
Petrel,
Stormy,
Plover,
133
Piping,
141
140
126
Florida,
Gallinui-e,
148
Kildeer,
Semipalmated,
Common.
Gannet,
Upland,
Goose,
Canada,
Grebe,
Pied-billed,
119
206
138
Carolina
Rail,
Guillemot,
Thick-billed,
(Common),
Glaucous,
122
212
King,
Great
Black-backed,
121
211
Virginia,
Herring,
123
208
Yellow,
Kittivvake,
225
Laughing,
143
125
Sandpiper,
Rmg-billed,
Solitary,
Great
Great
Blue,
White,
Green,
Little
Night,
Small
Blue,
131
Scoter,
134
Sea
Dove,
Sea
Swallow,
Snipe,
135
White,
219
218
226
145
American,
178
133
Tattler,
Semipalmated,
225
Tern,
Common,
207
Arctic,
Common,
Least,
Merganser,
Hooded,
142
Black,
White-winged,
132
136
Kittivvake,
Loon,
179
213
Spotted,
Heron,
124
224
Clapper,
Gull,
139
210
215
Roseate,
144
145
147
146
217
Red-breasted,
216
Woodcock,
120
128