Bøger, skrifter og andre tryksager i førmoderne ophavsret World IP Day Symposium IPR Nord, AAU 23 April 2014 Stina Teilmann-Lock, lektor, ph.d. Institut for Design og Kommunikation, SDU Over 300 år med ophavsret… Statute of Anne, London (1710), Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org. Scan af pergamenteksemplar i UK Parliamentary Archives Beskyttelsens genstand og omfang ifølge Statute of Anne: ‘A sole Right and Liberty of Printing such Book and Books for the Term of One and twenty Years’ til Stationers som allerede havde privilegier til publicerede bøger Samt 14+14 år til ‘the Author of Any Book or Books already Composed and not Printed and Published, or that shall hereafter be Composed, and his Assignee, or Assigns’ Det var en krænkelse ‘to print, reprint, or import, or cause to be printed, reprinted, or imported such Book or Books without the Consent of the Proprietor.’ Brev af 20. december 1740 fra Missionskollegiet til Christian VI: ’eftertryk af bøger’, ’Bogtrykker Berling’, ’nyttige skrifter.’ Forordning af 7. Januar 1741 ’Ingen må oplægge, eftertrykke eller eftertrykt indføre eller falholde nogen Bog eller Skrift, som en anden herinden justo Titulo sig haver forhvervet, saasom enten ved frivillig Gave, Donation eller ved at tilhandle sig Samme.’ Karakteristisk for tidlig (litterær) ophavsret - Forlæggernes initiativ - ’Bøger’ (og ’skrifter’) genstand for beskyttelse mod eftertryk: ophavsret som en regulering af fysiske eksemplarer - Forlægger-terminologi: fx ’copy’ 1) i UK: ’Right in copies’ dvs retten til at lave eftertryk af ’copy’ = forlægget/’originalen’ (’matter prepared for printing’) 2) i DK: ligeledes eneretten til at trykke bestemt bog eller skrift Til forskel fra moderne ophavsret: ikke beskyttelse af et immaterielt ’værk.’ Dermed begrænset beskyttelsesomfang Især: oversættelser og abridgements (gengivelser) Burnet v. Chetwood (1721) ’Which being intended to encourage learning by giving the advantage of the book to the author, could be intended only to restrain the mechanical art of printing, and that others should not pirate the copy and gain an advantage to themselves by reprinting it; but not to hinder a translation of the book into another language, which in some respects may be called a different book, and the translator may be said to be the author, in as much as some skill in language is requisite thereto, and not barely a mechanic art, as in the case of reprinting in the same language; that the translator dresses it up and clothes the sense in his own style and expressions, and at least puts it into a different form from the original ... and therefore should rather seem to be within the encouragement than the prohibition of the act.’ (at 441. Citeret fra Deazley, R. (2008) ‘Commentary on Burnet v. Chetwood (1721)', in Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org ) Ophavsrettens potentiale blev først indløst i slutningen af det 19. århundrede da man definerede beskyttelsens genstand som det immaterielle ’værk’ (der kunne optræde i hel eller delvis form og i forskellige medier) Men forløber for moderne ophavsret i ’visuelle’ ophavsret: Engravers’ Copyright Act, 1735. (An Act for the encouragement of the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints, by vesting the properties thereof in the inventors and engravers, during the time therein mentioned, 1735, 8 Geo. II, c.13) Engravers’ Copyright Act, 1735 ’Every person who shall invent and design, engrave, etch, or work in Mezzotinto or Chiaro Oscuro, or, from his own works and invention, shall cause to be designed and engraved, etched, or worked in Mezzotinto or Chiaro Oscuro, any historical or other print or prints shall have the sole right and liberty of printing and reprinting the same for the term of fourteen years, to commence from the day of first publishing’ ’if any printseller, or other person whatsoever […] shall engrave, etch, or work as aforesaid, or in any other manner copy and sell, or cause to be engraved, etched, or copied and sold, in the whole or in part, by varying, adding to, or diminishing from the main design, or shall print, reprint, or import for sale, or cause to be printed, reprinted, or imported for sale, any such print or prints, or any parts thereof without consent of the proprietor or proprietors…..’ Særligt ved Engravers’ Copyright Act: - Initiativ fra kunstnerne selv (William Hogarth m.fl. som solgte kobberstik af deres malerier) - Genstand for ophavsret var ’the design’= det indgraverede billede - Terminologi: kunstnertermer (fx ’chiaroscuro’ = stærk kontrast i kompositionen) William Hogarth, 'The Painter and his Pug', 1745, Tate Britain Ophavsrettens historie…… Aktørernes rolle i definitionen af ophavsretten (1700-tallet: bog som produkt, kobberstik som kunstnerisk udtryk) Ophavsrettens elasticitet: fra 1710 til i dag nye genstande for beskyttelse (fx fotografier, brugskunst, software) har alle været med til at forme ophavsrettens karakter og omfang. Og det var Hogarth og øvrige engravers der var de første til klart at skelne ophavsretten fra retten til fysiske eksemplarer: ’whatever Value it has above another common Piece of Paper.’ (The Case of Designers, Engravers, Etchers, &c., London (1735), Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org )
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