MUS 1139 Listening Guide and Listening Challenge material: Medieval - Renaissance Textbook “The Enjoyment of Music” by Forney and Machlis: Read pages 4 -103 The Elements are covered on pages 4 – 61 culminating in the Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra. For terms of the Elements consult the attached Study Guide-The Fundamentals of Musc. Benjamin Britten: The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (live performance) YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vbvhU22uAM MEDIEVAL ERA: Read pages 75 - 88 TERMS: Setting of words or poetic text to music is syllabic, melismatic and neumatic Syllabic: 1 syllable to one note (Neumatic: 1 syllable to a few notes) Melismatic (Melisma) 1 syllable to many notes Liturgy the set order (structure and content) of church services. Gregorian Chant single melodic line melody (Texture: monophony), sung to Sacred Latin texts freely flowing vocal line generally free of meter and regular accents. Also known as plainchant and plainsong. Modes, Modal scales with varying patterns of whole and half steps, music that uses modes The modes are: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Ionian, Locrian Mass the most solemn ritual of the Catholic Church, with two categories of prayers: Mass Proper texts vary from day to day depending on the feast being celebrated Mass Ordinary texts remain the same in every Mass: there are 5 sung prayers: Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei The Kyrie text is in Greek the rest are in Latin. A. Hildegard of Bingen: Chant - “Alleluia, O virga mediatrix” (12th Century) YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwS80A6kp7k CD 1: Tr. 1-3 Pg. 79 Music: Solo male voice and male choral responses (Alleluia) ( solo male voice alone on verse) Genre: Mass Proper, plainchant, in the style of Gregorian chant Text: Latin words, Syllabic and Melismatic Melody: conjunct with some expressive leaps Structure (form): 3-part Alleluia-verse-Alleluia (A-B-A) Mode: Phrygian Texture: Monophony Rhythm: Free- (no meter) nonmetrical B. Notre Dame School Organum: “Gaude Maria virgo” (excerpt) YouTube URL: Not available on Youtube CD 1: Tr. 4-5 Pg. Music: Male voices (three parts long notes in the bottom voice) in a choral setting alternating with Chant sections Genre: Mass Proper, plainchant, in the style of Gregorian chant Text: Latin words, Melismatic mostly Melody: conjunct with some expressive leaps Structure (form): 2-part choral texture then chant texture (A-B) Mode: Dorian Texture: Polyphony-Monophony Rhythm mode: fixed pattern of long and short notes then nonmetrical C. Anonymous: Sumer is icumen in “Viderunt omnes” (5th century) YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PR1jNb7pFNw CD 1: Tr. 6-8 Pg. 69 Music: male voices – a perpetual round over a repeating bass pattern Genre: Perpetual round Text: Middle English text - syllabic setting Melody: Lilting melody - conjunct Structure (form): bass pattern, 2 voice round – 4 voice round Mode: Ionian Texture: Polyphony Rhythm: long – short – long – short throughout D. Guillame de Machaut: Puis qu’en oubli, YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yi2MMtIimY CD 1: Tr. 9-13 Pg. Alternate version with score: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHjWbgRZSrQ Music: Male voices Genre: Mass Proper, plainchant, in the style of Gregorian chant Text: French, Syllabic and Melismatic Melody: conjunct with some expressive leaps Structure (form): 3-part Alleluia-verse-Alleluia (A-B-A) Mode: Dorian (mostly) Texture: Polyphony Rhythm: Triple meter -2- THE RENAISSANCE: Read pages 89 - 103 TERMS: Motet: [80] Polyphonic vocal genre, one Latin text, devotional Cantus Firmus a fixed tune Ordinary Mass texts remain the same in every Mass: there are 5 sung prayers: Parody based on other work Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei Freely composed (original music) The Kyrie text is in Greek the rest are in Latin. E. Josquin Desprez Motet: “Ave Maria-Virgo Serena” YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt3H2uGxFLI Guide to listening: CD 1 Tr. 14-20 Pg. 90 - 91 Begins imitatively in a canon (like a round) Genre: Choral: 4 voice choir Melody: High vs. low, singing in pairs Mode: Ionian Harmony: Consonant (hallow sound) Text: Latin – setting is both melismatic and syllabic Structure (form): Sectional strophes, each begins with “Ave” Rhythm: Duple meter, shifts to Triple Meter, then returns to Duple meter Texture: Polyphony -Vocal Pairings, moments of homorhythm F. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina “Pope Marcellus Mass, Gloria” CD 1 Tr. 21-22 Pg. 94 - 95 YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD5ZdLKgFvA Alternate: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUiYFNIIl8s Agnus Dei I/II: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6s9axsKhRE Guide to listening: Genre: Choral: 6 voice choir Melody: mostly conjunct Mode: Ionian & Mixolydian Harmony: Consonant (rich and full sound) Text: Latin – setting: both melismatic and syllabic Structure (form): Through-composed (no repeated sections) imitative Rhythm: Slow Duple meter – pulse is not strong (feels free) Texture: Monophony at beginning, homorhythmic, some polyphony G. Arcadelt: Il bianco e dolce cigno (The white and sweet swan) CD 1 Tr. 23-24 Pg. 97 - 98 YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3I_nMcyljc Guide to listening: Genre: Choral: 4 voice choir Melody: lyrical, conjunct, focus on top line Mode: Ionian (Major) Harmony: Consonant (full sound, some dissonance) Text: Italian – setting is both melismatic and syllabic Structure (form): Through composed, last line many repetitions Rhythm: Duple meter, Texture: H. John Farmer, Fair Phyllis CD 1 Tr. 25-2 Pg. 99-100 YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mu4xTF4gi6A Guide to listening: Genre: Choral: 4 voice choir Melody: Dancelike, diatonic Mode: Ionian (Major) Harmony: Consonant (full sound) I. Susato: Three Dance: Text: English, syllabic Structure (form): Short repeated sections Rhythm: Duple meter, shifts to Triple Meter, then Duple meter Texture: Varied, monophony, imitative, homorhythmic CD 1 Tr. 27-30 Pg. 101 - 102 YouTube URL: This particular recording is not available on Youtube. Guide to listening: Genre: Instrumental dance Melody: varied - mostly conjunct Mode: Ionian (Major) Harmony: Consonant Expression: improvised embellishments Structure (form): Binary, Repeated phrases Rhythm: Duple meter, shifts to Triple Meter, then Duple meter Texture: Mostly Homophony 1139 Study Guide-The Fundamentals of Music: The Enjoyment of Music by Forney and Machlis 11th edition: Fundamentals of Music and the Glossary Melody [9] Harmony [17-19] Rhythm [13 -16] Melody [9] An organized succession of pitches (that we perceive to be a unity or melody) Scale A succession of pitches ascending or descending Major & minor Different scale patterns of whole and half steps. [Major: wwhwwwh, minor: whwwhww] Phrase phrase structures of a melody [mini-form: a-a-b-a] a melody will have a number of phrases Climax A distinct high point in a melody – or in a musical composition Interval The difference or distance between any two notes Octave Interval between a pair of duplicating notes, eight notes apart in a diatonic scale Tonic The tone center of music, the key note. Half-steps Smallest interval in music of the Western Civilization, also known as a semi-tone Whole-steps Equal to two half steps Cadence The ending of a phrase, a melody or a complete work. ostinato a repeated pattern, rhythmic or melodic, obsessively or obstinately – again and again and again… Sequence Duplication of a phrase at two or more different pitch levels. Motive A distinctive fragment of a melody used as a building block to create a theme Harmony [17-19]The accompanying chords or support of a melody Triad A type of chord that consists of three pitches built on alternate tones of the scale. arpeggio sounding each note of a triad in succession [c-e-g-c-e-g] Consonance [18] Intervals and chords that sound relatively stable and free of tension. Dissonance [18] Intervals and chords that sound relatively tense and unstable Diatonic music that is tonic centered Chromatic a scale consisting of only half steps, or a passage of music that moves by half steps. modulation Moving the tonal center from one key to another key Rhythm [13] The pattern of long and short notes within a meter. Meter [13] Strong and weak beat patterns are organized into groups of two, three or four etc. Beat [13] A regular pulse of equal lengths Syncopation Deliberate upsetting the meter or pulse by shifting accent to a weak beat- offbeat Accent [36] stressing or emphasizing a note, chord. Textures: [26-29] Monophony Polyphony Homophony Counterpoint Homo-rhythmic [26] [26] [26] [26] [27] Texture of a single melodic line without accompaniment Texture that combines two or melodies together Texture of a melody accompanied by harmony (chords) Technique of combining two or melodies together A section or all parts of the music have the same rhythmic pattern. Polyphony: Contrapuntal Devices [28] Imitative Counterpoint Non-imitative [26] the same or similar musical ideas used to create a texture of polyphony the art or technique of combining two or more melodies together two or more different melodic lines put together Three Organizing principles that create form [30-34] Contrast Repetition Variation Binary form Ternary form a section of something new that contrasts with the previous section the Repeat of a earlier section the original music is altered so that it is not an exact Repeat of the original. Two part form – 2 contrasting sections outlined A-B, or A-A-B, or A-B-B Three part form – 3 sections outlined A-B-A, or A-B-A’ ( ‘ indicates something is slightly different in the repetition of section A) Tempo (Pace) Markings Grave Largo Adagio Andante Moderato Allegro Vivace (Vivo) Presto [35-36] (Tempo refers to the pace or how fast) solemn (very, very slow) broad or very slow slow or quite slow a walking pace, fairly slow, but not too slow, a moderate pace fast (cheerful) accelerando (accel.) lively ritardando (ritard. – rit.) very fast increase pace – speed up decrease pace - slow down Dynamics: [36] pp pianissimo very soft p piano soft mp mezzo piano medium soft cresecendo (cresc.) get louder decrescendo (decresc.), diminuendo (dim.) get softer mf mezzo forte medium loud f forte loud sf sfz sforzando forcing – an accent (>) Tone Color (Overtone) or Timbre [39-42] [39] The sonorous quality of a particular instrument, voice or combination of voice-instrument. ff fortissimo very loud
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